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Logic Is All It Takes to Crack This Math Olympiad Problem — Over to You, Can You Solve It?

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I found this problem on Cut The Knot, who got it from [1].

You are given seven distinct positive integers that sum to 100. Prove that some three of them must add up to at 50 or more.

I'll put my solution in the comments later this evening.

[1] Andreescu, T. and Răzvan, G. Mathematical Olympiad Challeges(Burkhäuser, 2004, p 60).

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Richard Walker

Solution

Suppose we are given seven distinct positive integers that sum to 100 and no three of them sum to 50 or above.

Consider the three largest of the seven integers, since these must sum to more than any other set of three, and suppose they are a comma b and c in that order. Since they must sum to less than 50 we have  sum with 3 summands a plus b plus c less than or equals 49 .

How large can a be? Well it cannot be 16 because the least b and c could be is 17 and 18 respectively, but sum with 3 summands 16 plus 17 plus 18 equals 51 which is impossible if sum with 3 summands a plus b plus c less than or equals 49 .

So a is at most 15 and the remaining four numbers of the seven must be less than a , so the most they can add up to is sum with 4 summands 14 plus 13 plus 12 plus 11 equals 50 . But now the seven numbers cannot add up to 100 . because the original three numbers only added up to at most 49 and 49 plus 50 equals 99 which is less than 100 .

So we conclude that for the seven numbers to total 100 there must be some three that add up to 50 or more.