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On The Cultural History Of Star Ratings

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There's a well-known joke

How many start would you give the Solar System?

One.

I've long been fascinated by star ratings. We have the ubiquitous 1-5 stars

⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

but we also have chilli hotness ratings

🌶️🌶️🌶️🌶️🌶️

coffee bean roasting levels

●●●●●

hotel cleanliness ratings

💎💎💎💎💎

hops on beer cans (thanks Copilot!)

prices

£££££ 

and many others. Wikipedia (of course!) has an article 'star (classification)' (not to be confused with 'stellar classification') and there we learn that a pioneer of such systems was Mariana Starke, who in 1820 published a guidebook Travels in Europe that rated arworks (presumably on a subject assessment of merit) using exclamation marks. I managed to find a scanned version of this forerunner of TripAdvisor in Google Books and sure enough we see the exclamation marks lined up against choice items. Here are some snippets.

By the 1840s Murray's Handbook and Baedeker adopted this system but now using stars.

And the rest is history.

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