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Birds of a feather flock together

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Saturday, 15 Mar 2025, 11:06

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14 minute read


What is the difference between a team and a group?

Listening to LBC, a radio talk station broadcast throughout Britain, I hear a woman voted ‘Britain’s strictest headteacher of the year’ stating that students in one form group are inwardly chanting ‘C’mon team, we are going to beat that team!’ That is a gang. A crowd of people are a group. A music band is a group. A group is a set of individual people with individual goals that have a shared interest in other individuals and their pursuits. A team is competitive and is trained to fight to beat other teams. A school classroom team was envisioned to help the slowest learner in the class by utilising the fastest learners’ abilities. In effect, this is handicapping the individualistic high achievers to bring the lower achievers up to, at best, a temporary level which falsely allows them to believe that they can achieve as much as naturally high achievers. When the high achievers are released from school, at age 18, they, mostly, go on to great things. However, the low achievers, in their mistaken belief that they are individually worthy of their school examination results, are floundering around suddenly searching for a team to help them in the real world, and they are using a fast diminishing shield of shared responsibility as a defence against real-world justified righteousness. What a shambles! Don't despair, I am not ridiculing people who are not high achievers.


Some years ago, the UK government decided that boys and girls learn differently. The educationalists went on to believe that there are different learning styles, visual learning, role-playing, positive reinforcement, audio learning, and others.

There is a list of seven learning styles here:

Visual Learning; Auditory Learning; Reading and Writing; Kinesthetic; Verbal or linguistic learning; Social and interpersonal learning; Solitary or intrapersonal learning (The word intrapersonal is similar to introvert). An explanation of these seven is given here:

https://teachable.com/blog/types-of-learning-styles

What happened is that teachers were not taught how to effectively teach all these techniques simultaneously to a class of thirty children. There used to be girls schools and boys schools; these are all, now almost entirely privately run. These used to be forms for high-achievers, average learners; and students who could not grasp the teaching techniques well enough to keep up with the average student, so these pupils were regarded as un-salvageable and were segregated from the rest of the school society, though they were allowed in the playground and dinner hall.


Why don’t we segregate ALL the pupils or students? Visual learners to the right, role-players to the left…. Separate the boys from the girls or group the students together who learn best with a particular style of learning. ‘Oh no!’ we cry we would then have to partition the whole world into different segments more suited to one group or another. Heaven forbid! Yet, do we have divergent thinkers as accountants? The answer, I suspect lies in most of us believing that accountants are not financial speculators, just the same as it is engineers who build bridges and not scientists.


In Swedish, "lika barn leka bäst" ("children that are alike play the best [together]") - Wikipedia


We, after compulsory schooling, tend to flock together into our preferred groups of friends, and support each other by forming cross-functional teams: that means we do not all work in the same place and have different types of jobs. Unfortunately, though, teams are the norm in schools; they are encouraged; no, foisted upon small children. While at school, and especially when school-leavers suddenly discover that they have been given a false idea about their capabilities to be successful in both the work and social environments, they maintain their absolutely necessary need to belong to a gang; sorry, a team. Actually, I am fairly sure that most people never find out they have been given a useless set of values at school.


In a crowd, when two people are physically fighting, they may be allowed to get close to a finish until one of them is obviously losing and about to get seriously hurt, then the crowd; sorry, group of people, will intervene and separate the victor from the vanquished. Nobody attacks the winner. In a gang, sorry, team, when another team member is showing signs of losing, all the other gang-members attack the single fighter who is not in their gang. In sports event, referees and the threat of disqualification prevent mobbing and lynching.


In the real world, in the un-refereed streets, as soon as a fight breaks out the whole gang attacks the person who is arguing with their gang member, unless the gang member is winning. That is what a team, with team loyalty does. They are a baying pack of feral dogs, trained and indoctrinated to be so by modern UK schooling that hampers individual excellence at the expense of the whole of society, by falsely saving the children who simply could not understand a faulty teacher in their first years at primary school. ‘What is the square root of nine?’ ‘What has a shape got to do with a plant?’, the small confused child might inwardly ask? As adults, we know that the answer to the confused child's lamenting query is: nothing at all if we exclude matrices that have a square shape, filled with numbers. Here is a real-life example to ponder: If you missed the first year of Latin classes, such as I did, you would not do well in the second year of Latin classes. Because I did not do Latin in the first year of secondary education, I was not required to ever learn Latin; all I had to do, during those lessons was my other homework. Do you know why? Because I would have held the whole class back. What should the school have done? Put me in class of beginners and knocked my confidence with, no team support from team members to dissipate the effects of bullying.


What is the difference between a group and a team? A group is like a shoal of individual friendly fish all with a common purpose and all conforming to a swim pattern to confuse predators. That shoaling is herd behaviour, just like apes grooming each other, but a bit less altruistic. A team is a pod of dolphins all acting together to destroy a group by picking off the individuals, one by one. Yes, I know, the dolphins are hungry. Friendly-looking dolphins they may seem, and they are certainly portrayed as such, but predatory, atavistic, wolves of the seas, dolphins really are.


The definition of ‘atavistic’ given by Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org › dictionary › english › atavistic


Atavistic means happening because of a very old habit from a long time ago in human history, not because of a conscious decision or because it is necessary now.’


That is what a team, such as you might find in schools, is; predators trained towards forming a pack-like existence that historically served to jointly hunt for food and overwhelm others to achieve supremacy (which necessitated the conquering of another group). When a young person finds themselves alone ‘in the wild’ they, instead of recognising their irresponsibility and mistakes, and learning from it, they are trained to shrug it off in the belief that their team will save them, and like herd immunity and herd behaviour, if there are enough team members around, they can attack all and every form of complaint towards them, imagined or otherwise. Later, the gang, sorry, team, will disseminate and analyse any attack by any individual gang-member using Smartphone videos, messages, and chat. Even, when the gang-members, sorry team-members are absent they are still silently and invisibly watching from within the heads of savages with no idea of what individual responsibility is.

We all make mistakes. Please don’t ask your team to dissipate your guilt.


Are immigrants in your team? Are women in your team? Are men in your team? Are they in their own teams?


A cross-functional team is a group of people who have their own set of abilities and skills, and in meeting with one another rely on each other to contribute towards a common goal that furthers the aims of the group. A film or movie has producers, actors, directors, camera-operators, editors, and a myriad of other people, highly skilled and otherwise, all working together to achieve a common goal of making a good film / movie. If they were simply a team, they would be industrial spies and saboteurs, armed with knives and poison, spoiling the efforts of other rival film-makers.


(Just so you know, obviously defaming a legal entity, person or business, in the UK is usually punished by significantly large fines and financial restitution awarded to the aggrieved; and ‘tit for tat’ strategy inevitably fails in any game because it results in mutual destruction. That is why we can’t say any shop sells poor quality products, because it is really expensive to prove it and the onus is firmly on the accuser).


For this to fully register, imagine a trained boxer or MMA fighter entering into an area where muggers frequent. Do you think this person will reach for a team? Do you think this capable person will expect backup with a much later phone call? Depending on whether a mugger or two have knives and guns on their team will determine this high-achiever’s immediate response to a direct threat. That is the difference between an individual in a cross-functional team (boxing trainers, spar partners, club members, sponsors, etc.) and a person ill-equipped to deal with the harsh realities of life because they were told to belong to a team of similar people who WILL be absent when they grow up. No, wait! They are prevented from growing up because there are no ‘real’ people to save and teach them, only team members of the same ilk and sentiment.



Birds of a feather flock together


I have just learnt the word for only speaking a portion of a saying and the rest being implied – ‘anapodoton’, as in, ‘Birds of a feather….’ I think 'pot kettle black' also qualifies as an anapodoton. The rub is that the recipient needs to know the full saying. 'That is like the pot calling the kettle black'. Ooh er! We might need to live before the Industrial Revolution in european times to get the meaning of that. For everyone under the age of 250 or so, that last alludes to a pot and a kettle both having black marks from which the fire they are heated - if the pot calls the kettle black, then the kettle can also call the pot black. 'We came from the same fire'.


Plato may have said in ‘Republic’, that men of his age flock together. There is an idea that truth resides with those who practice the same thinking or beliefs. This is similar to a Christian saying, the saying I once heard that goes something like this: ‘A horse and an ox cannot pull a cart together’; which was said to me to warn of the danger of a Christian and a non-believer marrying. This expression does not necessarily need to remain in the bailiwick of religion; if any man or woman needs a team outside of their romantic partnership, and their partner does not, I suggest that a lawyer or solicitor is about to make some money from both of them, or there may be a psychological discord in the relationship for a long time, albeit suppressed.



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What distracts you?

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Wednesday, 12 Mar 2025, 21:11

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[15 minute read]

Happy Birthday, Fool

Long ago, before people in the technologically advanced countries on Earth had mobile phones, adult siblings would often not wish each other a happy birthday on their actual birthdays. Of course, many of them sent birthday cards, mostly when distances were so great that travelling for the annual events to the area in which the celebrant lived; was too time-consuming; or expensive. It is this valuation that intrigues me, particularly in light of being the recipient of birthday wishes by text messages from my sister, when we, in the modern world, both had mobile phones; now, more accurately, they are personal phones. It is this idea of mobile phones being personal phones in that they are considered to be an actual facet of a person, and not just a handy conduit to a person, that, for me, is strange indeed. What I mean by this, is that we are all only a decision away from having a digital implant in our brains that operates just as a mobile phone does.

How much someone values someone else used to be measured on whether someone visits someone else at Christmas and random times, or at least meets up with family; it used to be writing letters to family members; bringing back souvenirs, or sending postcards when you went abroad, or at least when someone went somewhere relatively far away.

How rude of my sister when she sent me a text message wishing me ‘Happy Birthday’ on my birthday, instead of calling me from the same device she had in her hand. Perhaps, she might have excused herself by saying she had no credit to make a call because she had free texts; but free texts or calls were only to numbers on the same network, in those days. Now, of course we have unlimited everything. Perhaps, I was only worth 10p to her, or the time it takes to write fourteen characters and my number followed by ‘Send’.


Furthermore, how did we come to think that an email was preferable to a birthday card? Did we really decide that a text with no nuances, or an email with no personalisation, such as handwriting, was suitable? When did we think that fulfilling a chore could be accomplished at arms-length and minimum effort or forethought, and that same desiccation of emotion would be welcome as an alternative to a kiss.


I brought you some grapes. Mmmm, these are lovely?

If we visit someone we know, in hospital, who are we doing it for? Do we feel a sense of duty, that for us, manifests within us as a personal need that we must fulfill; like having an itch that simply must be scratched; or do we visit them because the need we have is to make the hospital-bound person a little happier, by showing compassion towards them? Are we not merely satisfying our own need in both cases. So, when my sister sent me a text message on my birthday was she just being selfish?


But, is being selfish taken to a new low level when we now think that when a tourist venue offers financial concessions for certain groups of persons that means those people may enter for free upon showing a letter of recognised disability or financial hardship that demonstrates eligibility for the full concession, we might ask if a screenshot from a website that shows eligibility is acceptable instead? To be clear about this: A cathedral in Kent, England gives full concessions to visitors who are on government granted financial benefits that are paid to jobseekers or workers whose earnings are below a certain threshold. The cathedral website states a ‘letter’ of eligibility needs to be produced for free entry.

In Negotiation, there is an acronym, BATNA, which is: Best Alternative to A Negotiated Agreement. In Law, a contract is in place when an offer is accepted; there must also be something moving from one entity to another. That ‘something, can be either tangible, such as product; or intangible, such as a right or a freedom. A contract can often be expressed very simply using only a single condition; the presence of the conditional ‘if’ in a statement makes things clear for the average person – ‘If you give me that, I will give you this.’ Let us write this simple contract thus:

If you prove, with a letter from a government body, that you are in receipt of a government-issued financial benefit (Universal Credit) we will completely waive any entry fee for you, and you can enter for free.

What person would try to negotiate for the best alternative to this agreement? I will tell you: anybody in the modern world whose moral compass is so skewed by their acceptance that fulfilling one’s own need is the same as fulfilling a duty, or the same as making someone feel loved for a while. The recognition of duty to each other to comfort and offer assistance seems to have been completely washed away of late.

Yet, the UK government has decided that it will not issue letters of entitlement to people in receipt of Universal Credit so they can accept an offer for free entry as a visitor to a Cathedral, and instead gives advice to renegotiate a new contract for free entry with a screenshot of the benefit-recipient’s entitlement. What this means for the average person in receipt of Universal Credit and hoping to visit a cathedral with a full entry fee concession, is that they need to check that free admission is applicable with new conditions being met; typically a phone call that very near to the beginning of the conversation will use the conditional ‘if’ in a question – ‘If I show you a screen-grab / screenshot of my entitlement to government benefits will you let me in for free?’ What was simple; click the checkbox for your visitor slot and show the letter eat the entry point, is now complicated by an erosion of common-sense right at the top of the Government and at the fabric of our society.

When a government promotes that kind of behaviour we know we can expect a desertification of confidence in one another and a crumbling of the edifices of courtesy and manners through lack of maintenance because there are no more engineers left to check for decay.


I understand that this laxity in manners has come about because by having personal phones we simply cannot be bothered to comply with instructions or conditions when there are clear rules and guidelines, and so many of us simply phone up and renegotiate the conditions we can't be bothered to comply with. We do this because we get a buzz out of conversation, and we get a buzz out of settling something while avoiding greater effort to achieve the criteria a business has set out for eligibility; in other words – terms and conditions.

An email to my grandma on her birthday saves me walking to the post office for a stamp and an envelope; I don't need to find a pen. 'I know I had one, when I was at school!'; and the emoji or emoticon for a smiley face is cute.

Let me tell you why I am thinking that there is an overall erosion of sensibility in modern society. I was offered a job which I formally accepted. The start date was agreed and everything was in place and understood. I even received an email saying ‘Welcome…..see you on [date]’. And here is the kicker – it went on, ‘If you have any questions email me’. About a week later the recruitment agency, through which the job was arranged, questioned me on why I did not reply to that email. ‘I have no questions.’ I said. ‘But, you should thank them for giving you the job and tell them you are looking forward to starting.’ I sent an email to the business to tell them I cannot take the job because we must eliminate this third party element (job recruitment agency) immediately. I was told by the business that the third party element cannot be bypassed. I rejected the job. Apparently there is now, in the modern world, a requirement to unnecessarily and inanely chatter once a contract is in place. The agreement to work for the business was to do a particular job for x amount of money and for x amount of hours. – end of! Nothing else, terms and conditions fulfilled. No need for reassurance. Would you work for an insecure business owner? Not I! I owned and ran a very successful international relocation business. It worked like this. Tell us what you have to move; from where to where; and when to move it, and we will give you a guaranteed price and a guaranteed start-time AND FINISH TIME on your chosen day, with a GUARANTEED PRICE. (We also made it clear on the website that if you lie to us we will impose unlimited penalty charges, that equated to our penalty charges for being late to the next job, if we are delayed by your deceit).

Once the quote was accepted we sent an email with the details in it to the booker. There was then no more communication. Now, ten years later, we would need to send an email every week just to say we have not forgotten our agreement, and everything is on target, and there are no changes to the price or the time or the dates. In effect, everything is the same. 

We stopped trading at the peak of our success because suddenly, in 2020, everyone got scared and they have never got well again. Nothing had changed with us; we still honoured contracts and those contracts did not include petting and patting nervous entities. Successful businesses, offering excellent service at the best prices, do not have the resources to stroke and tickle nervous customers without different sensible people paying for it. Of course, ‘added services’ for product sales was already billowing, with an ill-wind, throughout honest trade to show, like a waggy-tailed puppy, shallow and delighted attention (that is likely to be revised and diverted at a moments notice when there is a distraction). 

Would you trust someone who says they will be at a meeting place once, or someone who constantly states that they will be there? Think for a moment; why would the second person feel the need to update you? Because one of you is unreliable. However, once you get used to obsequious service you kind of miss it and start to feel nervous when you don’t get it anymore. Ultimately though, the customer ends up paying more money for something that would otherwise have been very simple.

According to Statista , in 2005, the USA sent a total of 81 billion text messages; in 2011, 2.3 trillion; and in 2021, 2 trillion (down from the years 2020 and 2019). With approximately 370 million people in the USA, including infants, that 2021 figure comes to 5405 messages received by each person in that year. (an average of 14 - 15 messages every day)

https://www.statista.com/statistics/185879/number-of-text-messages-in-the-united-states-since-2005/


In the UK, according to sellsell.com, in 2012, almost 151 billion SMS and MMS messages were sent; and every year since 2012 the number has decreased so in 2022, 36,440,000,000 (36.44 billion) were sent. With approximately 70 million UK people, that means approximately 2,157 messages were received by each person in 2012; in 2022, approximately 520 messages were received by each person that year. That is an average of 10 messages per week. Clearly another form of social media is used in the UK.

https://www.sellcell.com/blog/how-many-text-messages-are-sent-a-day-2023-statistics/

Realistically, we have to consider that these figures may only reflect the number of messages that were received by individuals because messages are also sent by businesses. The point is not lost in recognising that the recipient responds to a message by looking at their phone and reading the message; and even looks at their phone when their phone has not notified that a message has been received and when there is not a message to read.


MTV, the music-TV channel, launched in 1981, was one of the first to put streaming 'ticker-tape' type text at the bottom of the music video. Some people had difficulty in watching the band playing and reading the scrolling text. However, we soon developed the ability to comprehend both. We now desire multiple streams of entertainment simultaneously; hence the anticipation of texting and social media interaction that many of us experience throughout the whole of our waking lives.

While I do not condone recreational drug use, some studies have shown that a marijuana smoker is as attentive to their work environment as a person who consistently checks their SmartPhone and responds to messages throughout the day. Given the choice, as an employer, of whether to hire an illegal drug user or a regular user of a SmartPhone, the pot-head wins. The pot-head only loses out if they are dealing too. I mean let's face it; try getting a SmartPhone addict to do a repetitive job. Each of these people-type examples, it seems clear, is trying to ameliorate, what they perceive to be a boring existence, with a panacea, different for each but still a panacea. It is sad that we need drugs to put up with our banal lives and make it through the day. 'Whew! Made it! Oh, wait. One last check of my phone, or one last toke, to take away distraction and help me sleep. 


So, what does all this come down to? The thrill of anticipation of a return text or expected telephone has become an addiction to dopamine, which in turn, has twisted into a malevolent paranoia that things are not well, when the pleasure centre (Am. center) of our brains in not triggered often enough, simply because all is not well because we are not getting our ‘fix’ of dopamine often enough. If nobody calls us or texts us, we feel unwanted and left out, if we have not yet become a junkie. And like all addicts, our judgement is impaired when we both, get our fix, AND when we don’t. As an employer, given the choice between a dopamine junkie and a clean person with the same experience and qualifications, the dopamine junkie would not even get an interview for a job I might offer. The questions that needs to be answered are: Are you selfish? Are you insecure? and, will work be a sufficient distraction from your need for connection?


What distracts you?

I once got asked when, conducting research, I applied for a job, ‘What distracts you?’ I thought, ‘Nothing’. The question was actually code for, ‘How many times a day do you look at your phone?’ I left their premises very much saddened.


All of us are a single decision away from having digital devices implanted in our heads.


Bibliography

‘About duty-based ethics’, Duty-based ethics, BBC, https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/duty_1.shtml




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Teams, Feedback, Leadership, Magic and Learning of Requited love.

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Confidence

At some point we are all asked to give feedback to at least one person. Many of us lie to our most intimate persons. ‘We ask OURSELVES what does this person want me to tell them? ‘You are a great singer, Ingrid, you should go on Britain’s Got Talent!’ Of, course Britain’s Got Talent is very well produced, so we really have no idea whether Ingrid really can sing, or if she has been set up by her malevolent family team. Yet, what if Ingrid lives at home with her parents and she is tone deaf and just will not shut up.

       ‘Shut up, Ingrid!’

       ‘But I love singing, and Vicki says I am really good.’

Her parents looked at each other, popcorn en-route to their mouths, and eyes rapidly returning to the dance troupe on the telly.

      ‘What she needs is a shock to set her straight.’

      ‘Yeah, let’s apply for Britain’s Got Talent on her behalf.’


It could happen. If Ingrid trusts her friend Vicki, who let’s face it, is not so pretty as Ingrid and works well as a wing-woman when they are out on the pull (you know, as a less attractive foil); then Ingrid is the leader of their team, while Vicki is always trying to keep up with the standards of someone she is convinced is superior to her, merely by dint of Ingrid’s looks getting more attention from intoxicated boys on Friday nights than Vicki normally gets.

Some years ago, I was very fortunate to be a secret player in an impromptu game I suddenly sprung on a young woman, Donna, the one who got the most attention from boys, and her friend Carla. Our first meeting was brief and we only swapped names; and, yes, I spoke to Donna before I addressed Carla that time. However, I knew we would meet again another weekend. ‘Carla’, I thought, ‘Remember her name! Carla.’

A couple of weeks later, Donna was more than a little bewildered the next time we met, when I spoke to Carla first.

      ‘Hello, Carla’

      ‘You remember my name!’ Eyes wide, bless her.

       ‘Of course. Who’s this?’ I already knew.

       ‘I’m Donna……!’

I interrupted her.

      ‘So, Carla, what you been up to? Do you wanna a drink?’


Such fun. Carla really was good to be with that night. I thought she would be. Unfortunately, she was in a team in which she was never the leader and her candle was always burning with a guttering flame. Her position, I am sure, is what she, not consciously, felt she deserved; to be eternally in second-place. I think she might have had some control, though, in not letting another good looking friend also join her and Donna's team.

A couple of years before I met Carla and Donna, I was already interested in magic; the type of magic that makes someone yawn when someone else yawns. I had also seen a teenage girl transform from an evergreen ivy to a beautiful lily because she felt loved; her love, she suddenly realised, was requited. Oh, how she tried to be kind while she struggled with her secret desires, and how vulnerable she felt until he one day said, ‘I really like you’. That is the type of magic I like. So, I was delighted to throw some magic at Carla, years later. She didn’t know it, but I was on her team and the leader of her new team, working behind the scenes with nobody recognising me or my efforts; but this was only for one night. Very much a Cinderella event. I hope Carla woke up the next day feeling at least a little bit special. If she did, she would, I suspect, have got a lot more deserved attention from then onwards.

What shape would you like feedback from your peers to take? We know that words with letters that have a hard sound to them serve to cause our minds to consider the thing associated with the sound of the word to have a similar shape. The sound of a ‘k’ for example is hard and jagged. It is, I am convinced, why we ‘see’ a sharp angle when we hear the word, ‘kink’. We also know, that the order that single words are used to describe a person changes our perception of that person.

Word Order

‘Interrogative, pedantic, diligent, focused, intelligent, inquisitive, open’

is a different person to:

‘Open, inquisitive, intelligent, focused, diligent, pedantic, interrogative’.

Yet the word order is the only thing that has changed.


Let us imagine these two characters in a story. Both are book-keepers. Plainly, the first is crotchety, irascible, and terse. The second, is polite, a good listener, and reliable. Given a task to impress a new manager who would get the team-leader role? And, who would find it hardest to recover from a problem that is ultimately revealed to the boss? I can hear the sneaky first person. closeted in a corner, quietly grumbling about the second one. ‘Oh, get a life’, I say, ‘You are grumbling about yourself. YOU have chosen which personal attribute you promote above another.’ 

If you discovered each of these attributes one by one over the course of a few chapters in a book, or scenes in a film, I think you might think these are two very different people.


In feedback to team members, then, we might look to a martial art style, from Chinese philosophy. Something like: Retreat, Strike, Defend, or Yin, Yang, Yin, which could be considered to be soft, hard, soft, though that is not the proper translation for Yin and Yang. In the Western world, we think of this as sandwiching a hard criticism between compliments. 

In returning to the earlier order of words to describe someone, which go from hard to soft for one person and soft to hard for the second person; and we change those words into insults and actual physical violence, and if we consider the hardest word to be an actual physical blow on a work colleague, it would be difficult to keep your job if you started with this action, but your point is painfully made. However, if the second person, in our scenario, is building towards this physical blow, the recipient may get the message of warning long before they are punched; both the work colleagues then get to keep their jobs.





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Person of interest or Farmer for a Day

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Saturday, 1 Mar 2025, 18:41

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‘Why, because you always speak in imperatives: like all beauties when they are in their prime, you are tyrannical...’ – Meno – The Socratic dialogue by Plato


Giving commands is an attribute of someone with power and authority; obeying commands and orders is a sign of subservience and subjection. In effect, there is an hierarchy. Yet, somewhere along the line there is respect, at least one hopes so.

In an ordered environment, such as one in which experience and good conduct results in promotion to a higher position in the local community; work environment, there may well be jealousy diffused among the unworthy of command. There may also be one or two people with a hankering to attempt to sway favour, from the elevated positioned person(s). towards themselves . In the UK, we call this person a ‘brown-nose’.

So far, we have two types of character attributes; jealous and deviously selfish.


Bovine character, flat character, or NPC

Many people are simply bovine in their thinking; this is a job and it pays wages. Or, as cattle think, ‘This is grass and it feeds me’. Great! We can’t all be the chief. I am one of these ox-like people, and I, like every one of those cows on the commuting train, have other bigger fish to fry. Hmmm! Bad usage of mixed metaphors! Cows eating fish? I overheard a conversation on a bus yesterday: ‘…...They serve vegan chicken there’. I thought, ‘Yeah, chickens ARE VEGAN’. I forgot they eat worms and insects.


Being outwardly dull by dint of not wishing to waste energy on useless and temporary conversational unity is only broken when one person selects another for only two things; conveyance of information, and another desire to assuage a compelling need. Ultimately, this need is for companionship, I suggest; in the short-term and with a hope of a longer term shared policy of frequent connection.


Back to the hierarchy of power and control.

Now we have highlighted the drone workers, the jealous, and the obsequious persons in our group, we may be left with some that have respect for their leader and a desire to attain the same level of pay their leader has. These persons may be compelled by a single idea; money. Let’s separate these characters from our milling crowd, who are already beginning to form into their respective groups. Over there, if we look closely, we can see the flatterers fawning over each other and smiling too much.

Let us hope now, that, that one mild person without the spotlight on them, in the corner, quietly waiting for an introduction on our gameshow, is someone who cares for others, and wants to lead by example, and has the capability to create bridges and ladders for others to follow their footsteps. Let’s call her Mary (she is mentioned later). Perhaps, if we are gentle, she may put her book down when we bring her forward for inspection. Unfortunately, there is another person in the room, distant from our direction of gaze, but never far from our attention. This is the person that Meno in the Socratic dialogue by Plato, is speaking of.


Person of Interest

This is the person, who is physically attractive. I suggest that, amost everyone is initially distracted by a physically attractive person. Worse, still, for those of us who are the meek person in the corner striving with concerted effort to achieve something in life as a builder that needs recognition, if this beauty is eloquent in speech, we shall remain a ‘flat’ character in a story. The focus will be on the cheery, peppy, humourous (humorous Am.) entity that brings a joy to turning up for work each otherwise dreary morning; ‘Meet Dave, he swims like a fish!’ A welcome relief from the cud-chewing cows on the train and on the bus. Or, ‘Meet Mandy, she sings like a bird’. A welcome relief from the non-vegan hens clucking over their lunch-time worms in the canteen.


Farmer for a day

Sadly, it is only the hungry who get to eat at the top table, so our story ends with a magnificent cockerel (Rooster Am.) or a trilling song-bird with enchanting songs, taking a managerial role and systematically and ruthlessly abusing the talents and experience of the egg-laying hens, and the herd of cows thoroughly and diligently munching through their work and re-checking their efforts, in order for that cuckoo to maintain a semblance of efficacy in their role.

A sour outlook, I grant, yet we should be wary of the person with bigger fish to fry.

In case you got lost in this zoo of wondering; a parallel principle behind this, is that vegans are people who will not contaminate their bodies with produce that has been formed by harmful activities on other sentient entities. The difficulty for vegans, I feel, is whether they should choose organically farmed crop that might use bone meal, animal manure, and fish blood as a fertiliser, or foodstuff that is grown using chemical fertilisers. This is absolutely not an attack on any person with any culinary preference.


The Showdown

Finally,

‘Come on down, Mary!’

      ‘Hello’

      ‘What do you do for a living, Mary?’

Mary sheepishly smiles, with a mischievous glint in her eyes.

      ‘I work in a chip shop.’


[Cut to game-show host]:

      ‘Lovely! Are we in for a treat tonight, folks. We have as competitors, a fish-fryer, a professional angler, and a custodian of a disused Victorian coal mine who breeds canaries. On our experts team, we have Mark, who swims like a fish; Mandy, who sings like a bird; and Giles....'

[Zoom to close-up of host]

[Host winks and gives beaming conspiratorial smile]

     '.....who is our actual secret farmer.'

     'Which one of our contestants will win the grand prize of being farmer for a day? Will it be Mary?

[Cut to close-up of Mary]

     'Solomon?'

[Cut to close-up of Solomon]

     'or Eve?'

[Cut to close-up of Eve]

[Cut to beaming smiling host]

     'Let's find out!'



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Shadows and strange feelings

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 27 Feb 2025, 08:04

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A while ago, I was asked how I would portray a feeling of there being something else; something more than just being born, living for a while, and then dying; a life that is no better than the lives of intellectual animals.


Recently, I was fortunate to be party to an hour long telephone conversation, with someone I have great respect for. We discussed mental health; work environments; comprehension; and channels of communication. In a wonderful previous conversation, we had hovered around the notion of prescience and sixth sense, and I was keen to revisit this topic. I commented that her voice was different this time. Those of you who understand that when our primary sense (sight) is absent there is an idea that our other senses compensate, might also know that if we lose just a tiny part of our outer ear we find the location of a sound to be difficult. Eventually, if the new shape of the outer ear is permanent, we compensate sufficiently well to be almost entirely sure which direction a sound comes from. Our sense of hearing really is very sensitive and very special.

I explained that I had poor and uncorrected vision for decades and as a result listen for nuances in voices probably more than most people. We realised quite soon that we, as humans, pick up on other people’s emotions quite quickly. I suggested that in the absence of face-to-face meetings we are not distracted by body-language, which many psychologists regard as a figurative ‘shout’ of veracity. You can say yes and shake your head at the same time, and almost everyone perceives you ‘saying’, No.

I suggested that in the absence of hearing we have to use abilities of perception that we rarely pay attention to. In effect, we move towards a liminal position of understanding;  

        ‘Right on the threshold of physical and spiritual being’, I said.

        ‘Sixth sense’, she replied.

        ‘Rather like our spirits holding up a banner behind us that says something like, ‘Be gentle, I am hurting.’


I don’t read the Bible much any more, but I do recall that there are a few verses that, for me, speak of a realisation that the writer of those verses believes that he has discovered something beyond himself. Paul wrote to the Christians in Corinth.

From, 1 CORINTHIANS 13 v. 11 – 12 (NIV)

Available online at: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Corinthians%2013&version=NIV

11 When I was a child, I talked like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me. 12 For now we see only a reflection as in a mirror; then we shall see face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I am fully known.


This is from the well-known piece on love, which is highly recommended to all. From the same source of 1 Corinthians 13:

3 If I give all I possess to the poor and give over my body to hardship that I may boast, but do not have love, I gain nothing.

4 Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. 5 It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. 6 Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. 7 It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres.


In answer to the question I was asked many years ago, on there being something else, I wrote:


- start -

This conversation was beginning to irritate me.

       ‘I rather think that I may inadvertently be bordering on trying to persuade you to change your views on morality and utilitarianism and nudging you towards an acceptance of a truth. Not unlike taking the red or blue pill in The Matrix. But whose truth?’, I pressed.

Mark’s face didn’t change from his usual mask of implacability, but he did look down for a while, then left and right at the fallen and dismembered bodies we had found. He paused for a while, his mouth open; long enough for one of the local flies to land on his lower lip. His sharp in-breath sucked it in. He rolled it with his tongue and spat, though somewhat languidly.

       ‘I also feel that there is no doubt that something or someone is, and has been, whispering so loudly and for so long that the constant susurration has become part of our background noise.’

       ‘Yet’, I offered, ‘if you found yourself suddenly on a planet on which all the people are born blind and only you could see, would you tell them about birds? The blind people might hear wing-beats as the birds fly away before the birds are touched by the people; so those people can never know the bird’s shape or how they move, because they cannot catch one, aside of accidentally, and it may take them millennia to understand the purpose of birds.'

Mark pondered my words. I went on.

        'I think you would not!' If they know about birds, they would fear their own shadows when someone might later tear away another veil that is a bar to comprehension. Being blind, all they can know of shadows is a cooler temperature where they lie.

I saw Mark had grasped my meaning. He slowly nodded as he finished my words for me.

        'Their simplest reasoning would have them living uncomplicated lives with thoughts of how, to perhaps, till the land and work together for their mutual survival. Who cares if an observer is a flock of birds, and the designers are shadows on a planet with a simple population?’

One or two of the spirits standing by their still-living charges stared at us. Their banners flickered 'Help' and nonsense; the letters changing like airport departure notices when an event has changed the timetable, except their letters were more like crude brushstrokes.  When the letters eventually faded to nothing they gave a final glance at the bodies and left to form a group where they fell into conversation. A few looked, wistfully, over their shoulders at us. I recognised one of them.

- end -

The point in the above written piece is that both the characters are aware of something else, and even the gore and violence of death is not sufficient to be considered to be greater in impact than that inherent feeling we have of there being something else we just cannot quite see or touch. The point is that they are ignoring their primary senses and are focusing only on thinking and communicating ideas.





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Pigeon-holing A fun outlook

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 27 Feb 2025, 07:50

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Long ago, in a country that speaks Latin, there were two siblings, ‘a priori’, a girl, (nicknamed ‘pri’) and ‘a posteriori’, her brother (nicknamed ‘post’). Pri would only ever speak of things that she had no experience of, and Post only ever spoke of things he had experienced. They argued all the time, Pri used deductive logic and knew that things were so, because she reasoned it out, while Post used inductive logic, and only knew things like, you get burnt if you put your hand into the flames of a fire, because he had tried it. He had many burns and scars from trying things out. Of course, Pri had no scars or past injuries, because she had used logic such as; fire is hot; fire cooks meat; cooked meat is softer than raw meat and more easily chewed; therefore meat is changed by heat. She also knew that if she got really hungry she could cook and eat her brother. Post, however, did not know this and was therefore not afraid of Pri, his sister. Because Pri knew that her brother could never know that his sister was potentially food, without having eaten her first, she was also not afraid.

In reality, someone who never uses empirical knowledge would never learn that heat cooks meat and makes its more chewable and so more digestible, and they certainly would never learn to eat or communicate.


a priori and a posteriori

a priori knowledge is independent from any experience

a posteriori knowledge depends on empirical knowledge


Converse to the roles played by the characters above: In the Bible, in the Garden of Eden, Eve eats fruit from the tree of knowledge. This is not a normal tree of knowledge. Its fruit embues (sic) ‘knowledge attained through experience’ to the eater. Suddenly, Eve had experiential knowledge, whereas Adam, had only knowledge based on definitions and first principles. In almost any bipartisan relationship, I suggest, where one partner has experience and the other does not, there exists an unfillable gap; a chasm that continues to grow between the pair. The obvious solution is for Adam to also eat from the tree of knowledge. Yet, it was Adam’s remit to follow doctrine and not make up reasons for doing things simply because he knew how good it felt to do those things. But, Eve, the minx, got Adam addicted to pleasure, the naughty girl. Yes, you guessed it, it is because of Eve that y’all have SmartPhones, and are addicted to dopamine. The canny people out there also realise that without Eve none of us would get invited to parties. Go Eve!

In a court of law, like any place where decisions are made that determine how someone’s life will continue to unfold or exist, ‘a priori’ arguments appear to be cold and immutable. Mathematics uses ‘a priori’ analysis, as do scientists. Engineers, on the other hand, use ‘a posteriori’ analysis; inductive logic, which comes from observational evidence. That is not to say that they do not also use ‘a priori’ arguments or logic; it simply means they solve problems in the real world with workable solutions. I once overheard a welder complaining that a computer told him to bend a sheet of steel in three dimensions.


Let us imagine an early settlement of 500 people that is separated by a fast-flowing river from another settlement with an enticing and attractive market. It is essential to the person who uses only ‘a priori’ analysis that a toll-bridge must be built at the narrowest point of the river, which is half a mile north of the settlement. To this person, the cost of the bridge, being the wages for lumberjacks and engineer-type carpenters, must be recovered from the users of the bridge. To a person who has experience of the bears in the woods half a mile north, the sensible place to cross the river is closest to the settlements. This person, who has used 'a posteriori' knowledge, becomes a ferryman and charges the same as the toll for the bridge, and because there were no set-up costs to recover, makes so much money he builds a monument, in the village square, mocking ‘clever’ people. (Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to come up with a way for the 'clever' people to get their revenge on the ferryman).


People use both these types of reasoning, and in any scenario there will be characters who dwell, even for shorts periods of time, in one or the other camps of decision-making. These types of thinking are used before and after education or experience.

prior – before, in front, ‘previous’

posterior – later, after, inferior ‘behind’


A priori and a posteriori

From Wikipedia: 'A priori and a posteriori are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. A priori knowledge is independent from any experience. Examples include mathematics, tautologies and deduction from pure reason. A posteriori knowledge depends on empirical evidence.'

Prior analytics (a priori) is about deductive logic, which comes from definitions and first principles.

Posterior analytics (a posteriori) is about inductive logic, which comes from educational and empirical evidence.


Deductive reasoning

This involves starting from a set of general premises and then drawing a specific conclusion that contains no more information then the premises themselves. (dictionary.com 2021)

Inductive reasoning

Inductive is a way to describe something that leads to something else, so when applied to reasoning it just means you collect information and draw conclusions from what you observe. (vocabulary.com)


Roget’s Thesaurus helpfully offers ‘subtract’ as a near synonym for ‘deduct’. If we deduct four coins from these six coins, how many do we have?

Roget’s Thesaurus also helpfully offers ‘cause’ and ‘influence’ as near synonyms for ‘induce’. We can induce someone to believe something. In physics, electro-magnetic induction is causing electricity to flow by changing or altering magnetic fields.


Making sense of the world by imagining other worlds

For those people who like to write their own stories and develop characters to understand their own world around them: when someone makes an abrupt change from one way of thinking to another, it can be discombobulating to the persons they are with, or who are observing that person. We all use both deductive and inductive reasoning, yet the extent to which we dwell in each camp determines who we get on with. This is not much different to people who have been trained in convergent thinking making decisions about people who evince no training in convergent thinking. Essentially, if you have ever felt as though you have been ‘pigeon-holed’ or heard someone say that they have been ‘pigeon-holed’ [1], you have just met the victim of someone using convergent thinking to assess the needs or circumstance of others (perhaps yourself). 

People with low mental health; that is all of us at some point in our lives, tend to use divergent thinking during our episodes of illness. Divergent thinking is used for creativity. So, if you have just been dumped by your boyfriend or girlfriend, you will likely make up stuff in your head, like, that person was the love of your life, if you didn’t think that before. Convergent thinking is used for writing essays and reports, and Divergent thinking is used for creativity. Convergent thinking is much like the cowboys of old America rounding up cattle and keeping them in a bunch to get them to an exact location somewhere miles away. Divergent thinking is the humour (Am. humor) and banter the cowboys along the way. By the way the cowboys use a lot of convergent thinking when it comes to being paid for their job; i.e. I did this and this, for this many days and I expect this amount of money ('Let's get to the point, Boss!')

Ultimately though, there has to be a merging of these thinking styles if you are planning on learning from your experiences and sharing them. That is to say: there has to be structure and sadly, robust pruning of the fun and creative playground we once dwelt in as children to become, as adults, a figurative fenced-off imagination. I propose that it is the liminal space (at the invisible fence) that story-tellers spend their richest time: the threshold between order and chaos. Great film-makers use our ability to access our experiences by showing us where the fence between order and creativity exists. The film has a plot (order) but is believable because the characters are creatively formed. A murder mystery must have someone with a motive, for example.


1 Pigeon-holing means to classify entities into categories, often with negative connotations – Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Pigeonholing


References

dictionary.com (2021), Available at: https://www.dictionary.com › e › inductive-vs-deductive

vocabulary.com, Available at: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/inductive


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What is the difference between predatory pricing and price discrimination?

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Predatory, First, Second, and Third degree Discrimination


First, let us start with a similarity between 'Predatory Pricing' and 'Price Discrimination . More specifically, predatory pricing and first degree price discrimination: both of these methods of pricing belong to a monopolistic business. Predatory pricing is the lowering of prices by a company specifically to put rival firms out of business. By eliminating the competition, the company edges closer to becoming a monopoly. At which point, the business can exercise first degree price discrimination. Both of these methods are illegal in most countries around the world, except when a natural monopoly exists. In the UK there is a board of scrutineers that monitor natural monopolies, such as water suppliers and electricity providers.


It is in the edging away from illegality that a business using a price discrimination method fabricates its good intentions and takes advantage of an hegemony of blind social acceptability, sometimes they do this with an arrogant attitude of moralistic virtue. This is borne out by fooling the unwary shopper, who is focusing exclusively on saving money because they have a tight food budget, into believing that the shop they are in, provides good value products.


Second degree price discrimination is when customers are given a discount for buying in bulk, compared to buying only single items. The business benefits from economies of scale. The offer of 'Buy one get one free' is an example of second degree price discrimination given to, usually FMCG, customers.


Peak-time fares is another example of second degree price discrimination. Many commuters on a train may readily agree with a price hike on their fare, such as a 'peak time' fare, if it keeps the 'riff-raff' day tripper tourist off 'their' train and out of 'their' space. Yet, there is no kindly intention towards the commuter from the train service provider; immediately following the 'peak-time' period the next train has a higher fare than the one after that, in the form of a gradation of prices. So, the rail traveller who is not a commuter, yet needs to arrive at a destination, such as an airport for a flight to a marvelous holiday destination, must pay a higher fee to travel with the silent commuter. "Good luck with having a conversation with THEM, you deliriously happy people who are forced to travel with miserable people, slumped in a downward spiral of ovine boredom"; and you're paying a premium for it too!


And the worst of all, is third degree price discrimination - discounts given to people who have either a particular social position (students, who are supposedly clever, poor people) or the elderly. We should bear in mind that discounts given to the elderly, as can be found in the UK's fish and chip shops as 'OAP (old age pensioner) prices', are 'sailing close to the shore on a leeward wind' when assuming that elderly people are necessarily invalids and cannot, or do not work, or receive a handsome pension. In the UK, there are strong laws that encompass age discrimination, particularly when applied to employment 1.

So far then, there is little ethical difference between predatory pricing and price discrimination. However, we only have to combine the words 'predatory' and 'discrimination' in a sentence to see a semblance of connectivity. A predatory creature engages in discrimination when choosing which prey to feed on.


The clear difference then is that predatory pricing is illegal, but is difficult to prove if a business says it is setting 'competitive' pricing which may utilise second and third degree discrimination, whereas price discrimination could be illegal, but generally isn't, if it is not used with an intention to destroy competitors to such an extent as to create a monopolistic entity which intends to later become a 'price-maker' in its chosen market.

Predatory pricing comes from a position of ill-intent, and price discrimination, comes from a position of no morals, but hides behind a shroud of good intention which is really market-driven. In the case of the 'peak-time' rail traveller, they don't really have a lot of choice except to use a train to get to work (close to the existence of a monopoly); and in the case of the student and OAP discounts (an example of third-degree price discrimination) a push-marketing strategy exists in that the fish and chip shop, in the earlier example, wants to draw in more customers because the supply is already there (raw potatoes and fish, and oil that is already heated and therefore has no further cost applied to it).


We are all horrified by the crassness of a business when an announcement is made by that business that any third degree price discrimination they utilise is in the guise, and part, of their Corporate Social Responsibility – cheap fish and chips for captive elderly people who find it difficult to travel elsewhere for fast-food.


1 It is actually illegal, in the UK, for a potential employer to ask the job applicant's age. Only when a firm and valid offer of employ is made can the employer know the candidates age. (2020)


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Producers and Social Learning

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Sunday, 16 Feb 2025, 15:00

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Marketing and beavers

Producers are people, businesses and organisations that make things. In a supply chain these things are called goods. However, it is possible to produce a result without there being anything tangible such as by providing a service, which could even avoid a reciprocal service, monetary remuneration, or other recompense. Hence it is possible to produce an idea, concept, hypothesis or theory. It is possible to produce a flood that damages an area or property. These ideas and calamities are causes of an effect that are the kernels of demand in ‘the wild’.

Ideas and concepts can be innovations or disruptions. Beavers and pranking children can devastate lowlands by diverting or damming streams. Alternatively, beavers create good habitats for wildlife and are exceptionally good at maintaining a status quo once they have flooded an area. Maybe this tangent is a little obscure in its efficacy to be considered to be part of a supply chain but only if we consider the effect beavers solely have on human lives. The beaver collects wood after working as lumberjacks for a while. As a consequence of building a dam it supplies water to an area that previously had only rainfall. Flora and fauna that like wetlands come to the area, some birds arrive as tourists who regard the area as a second home until it gets too cold for them. These plants and animals leave detritus and excrement which adds to the desirability for other plants to settle there and consequently the animal and plant diversity rises. Each one of these plants and animals are stakeholders in the supply chain as producers in a wide and versatile environment.

Humans are much more direct in their nature and harvest materials to produce goods not only for their hungry digestive systems but also for their material enjoyment, comfort and ease. Worse still, they do this for profit. Nonetheless, we must allow this because if businesses and organisations make no profit then taxes collected by governments would have to be on revenue, which would likely put charities out of business.

Producers make tangible goods and conduct intangible services such as washing clean cars. (We can see them do it and sometimes see an improvement).


If we consider the balance of nature that is steadily built over time we can understand how any person can be a major disruptor; it only requires a careful presentation of a setting, circumstance or situation and its fallibility in the face of a determined person to show how there is a significant contrast between something that is valued by many and something else that is valued by a few, or even a single person.

Social Learning

Proposed by Albert Bandura in 1977, he said humans can delay gratification and dispense their own punishments and rewards. We can reflect on our own actions and change future behaviour. This led to the idea that humans learn not from how they respond to situations, but also from how other humans respond to situations. Bandura called this ‘modelling’. In social learning we learn by observing other’s behaviour.

For adolescents, role models include parents, athletes, and entertainers, but parents are the most influential (Martin and Bush, 2004). Parents socialise their children into purchasing and consuming the same brands that they buy, actively teaching them consumer skills – materialistic values and consumption attitudes in their teenage years. Interaction with peers also makes adolescents more aware of different offerings (Moschis and Churchill, 1978). Research indicates that those who read reviews are twice as likely to select a product compared with those who do not (Senecal and Nantal, 2004).


Some citing (above) can no longer be referenced to the original source I chose, some years ago; I didn't know how to properly cite and reference sources when I researched for the above piece. I think anyone can cut and paste the names and dates (above) and get an online source that signifies that the named people did research that I sourced and allude to here.

References

Martin and Bush, (2004), Sports Celebrity Influence on the behavioural intentions of Generation Y,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4733686_Sports_Celebrity_Influence_on_the_Behavioral_Intentions_of_Generation_Y


Reference for Albert Bandura 1977

McLeod, Saul, 'Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory', Simply Psychology, https://www.simplypsychology.org/bandura.html


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Needs and Motives

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Marketing

What is the difference between need and motive?

Henry Murray (1893 – 1988) was the originator of the motive approach to personality. In the 1930’s he differentiated between two types of need; primary and secondary. Primary needs, he proposed, are biological needs such as the need for food, water and sex. Secondary needs, or psychogenic needs, he accorded, are needs derived from our biological needs, like the need for power and achievement. Later, in 1943, Abraham Maslow set out an hierarchy of needs following along from Murray’s work.

Motive theorists propose that needs don’t operate on their own to influence behaviour. Motives, they say, are thoughts and feelings that drive someone to enact certain behaviour to satiate their needs. To elucidate slightly on this: whereas someone may have a biological need for food, it is the subjective feeling of hunger that drives the action to eat or seek food. Theorists also believe that there is a third influence, external conditions, which they, and Murray, call ‘Press’, which contributes to someone’s actions to satiate a need. Such a press in the case of the need for food which is signified by the feeling of hunger could be the smell of food; this could come from a meal being cooked by someone else in the kitchen at home.

Theorists also propose that people do not always openly show their motives but may however project them onto something else. It is this area that marketers need to focus most acutely on to accurately target chosen segments. Not only do people mask their motives they also have individual differences in specific needs, such as power, achievement and affiliation. One only has to give a rudimentary glance at social media to be able to recognise the need for affiliation (forming groups and making friends) and the need for power (social influence and prestige), and, with further research, realise that there is indeed a difference in the extent to which people feel these needs – easily recognised in the absence of many people from expressing opinion on social media sites.

Essentially, then, there is a biological need (something that all people have) and a psychogenic need (differing degrees of relevance in each person) and a subjective feeling or motive which together cause an action to be initated in order to satiate the biological need or psychogenic need. The subjective motive is coloured by preferences which historically, for the individual, have proved to be useful in assuaging a feeling of loss, inadequacy, or lack of achievement, in other words – assuaging a need, both biological and psychogenic.1

In conclusion, a need is universal throughout all humans and is so fundamental in humans that it has no preferences, and a motive is entirely subjective, is shaped by past experience, and may discriminate against other means of satisfying a need.


What are the basic assumptions in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory rests on the following assumptions: He assumes that a person’s behaviour is derived from his or her own needs; that there is a series of sets of needs that need to be satisfied; that an already satisfied need does not motivate the person to seek further assuaging of that need; that the next need in the series, or another need in the set, will cause a person to be active towards assuaging that need; and that a person cannot move from one set in the series to a higher one until all the needs in the set have been satisfied.

An alternative approach, preferred by some, to understanding the assumptions in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is to distill his research down into TWO assumptions:

1) Humans are a species that experience needs that pertain to what they already have. This is incorrect as needs are not recognised by the individual until a subjective feeling of inadequacy is experienced. The assumption continues thus: A fulfilled need is not a motivator. Since there is a difference between needs and motivators this statement is only partially correct – we need to remove the word ‘fulfilled’ from the statement - a need is never a motivator, fulfilled or otherwise, because a motivator is a stimulus that gives a recognition of a need or want, also a need is never a ‘want’ yet may be perceived to be by an individual.

This assumptions continues: Behaviour can only be influenced by needs which have not already been satisfied. This is at best simplistic and incorrect because behaviour is influenced by various motivators and needs. For example, an inadequacy of food in a human will not influence any behaviour; it will however be recognised by the nervous system and, in a reasoning human, a motivating feeling will occur, which sets up a process of organised thoughts with a focus on satiating a hunger, however, not always healthily. The last part here is that the need for food may not be adequately satisfied whereas the feeling of hunger can be.

2) Maslow proposed that all needs can be ranked as being more, or less, important than another and placed them in sets of needs. He believed that all reasoning humans are compelled to always strive, and move, towards a greater goal from the most basic biological needs to a higher brain function psychological need, such as self-actualisation. Not only that, but also the higher brain function needs cannot be satisfied until the most fundamental ones are satiated. Yet we are aware of starving artists in the garrets of buildings who have satisfied a need to be creative while not satisfying an innate need for food – indeed starving people in very low socio-economic areas, such as can be found on the African and Asian continents, will create very fine pieces of art, furniture, and other items in order to sell them, solely to be able to buy food, and will create such finery even when almost starving because they have no alternative to accruing sufficient money from other means of action.


Wait! What?

It should be noted that ‘functional Magnetic Resolution Imaging’ (fMRI) has given rise to Neuro-marketing, the use of neuro-technology to improve marketing decision making. From this research it is understood that the brain activity for an action takes place about half a second before a person consciously decides to take an action. This suggests that we are not consciously making a decision so much as becoming aware that a decision has been made. 2


1   From a paper by Silvana Romero on ‘Needs and Motives’, academia.edu/9413085/Needs_and_Motives which references:

Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2004). Perspectives on personality. Boston, MA: Pearson Education (Chapter 5)

Larsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (2002). Personality psychology: Domains of knowledge about human nature. Boston, MA: McGraw­Hill. (Chapter 8)

2   Principles of Marketing, 5th European edition, Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Veronica Wong, John Saunders, Prentice Hall, 2008.


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What is personal selling? How is it different to sales promotion?

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 13 Feb 2025, 15:40

In understanding people, it may be useful to understand how they are coerced into doing things they did not anticipate doing. 'Marketing' has some aspects that highlight how someone can be manipulated by a skilled operator. A desperate and ruthless person, with a dilemma quite outside of purchasing and sales, may determine that a course of action; one that may be considered to be heinous to any other, is, for them, the most appropriate action to take. This action can come about by internal conversation, perhaps in the form of soliloquy, wherein this troubled person plays both the part of a salesperson offering a solution sales approach, and their own role as an entity requiring an exit strategy to escape their predicament, imagined or otherwise; or safeguard their position.

Black and white image of a female face in profile

What is personal selling? How is it different to sales promotion?

A good salesperson will answer questions before they are made; in effect, will wash away the sand on which an 'edifice of reluctance to act' has been erected. Indecision for a specific reason can be the sole determinant in not making a purchase. However, if the shifting sands of nescience can be, at least partially, washed away and replaced with a shoring-up of information, correct or not, the stumbling block of reticence is shrouded by information and diminishes in importance as the rough edges of clumsy and unruly thinking are shaped and eroded by skilled persuasion. What once seemed to be important, loses its prominence as other lesser aspects are drawn into the light and similarly follow the same path of eroding declination through enervating misconceived, and incorrect, beliefs; that is, if the salesperson is honest.


If we imagine a troubled person with the proverbial little devil on one shoulder and a little angel on the other shoulder both whispering into the person's ears. We can liken a salesperson offering personal sales; which is sales that are tailored for individual purposes, to the little devil whispering what actions the person should take to remove a problem that worries them; this might, in a murder mystery story be another person. It might go like something like this: 'If you continue letting the situation continue without taking control of the elements that will lessen your degree of freedom, you will inevitably be caught and prosecuted in a court in which you will have no chance of gaining any control. You must eliminate the threat now, before it is too late.' The little devil might go on with this, 'If you sneak out tonight when everyone is asleep, you will be able to get away with it.' The little angel, as the person's conscience, might counter with, 'You know it is wrong. In any case you will be caught.' The little devil then sneaks in, 'There will be fireworks all night for the celebrations; no-one will notice you or hear you.'


Personal selling usually involves offering a bespoke set of product capabilities and services to a potential customer. However, the potential customer may be, and frequently is, an existing customer of other product(s) and services delivered by the same manufacturer or supplier. The approach from the sales-person is to move the customer from one product onto another product that matches or exceeds the capabilities of products supplied by competitors' suppliers, in as far as the needs of the customer are fulfilled. Again, the emphasis is on bespoke fulfillment of the customers needs or requirements.


Door-step selling is personal selling and some digital technology services will prospect for customers by enticing potential customers to agree to a contract that seems to benefit the customer. A case in point is, offering super-fast broadband at a particular price in an area that does not already have fibre-optic connectivity. Prospecting in this scenario is to assess whether it is financially feasible to dig up the roads for a given distance to the nearest fibre-optic junction. However, the way this is accomplished is by having the customer agree to the service without specifically mentioning the overall cost to the customer as a fixed cost. In the UK, contract law applying to customers in shops means that it is the customer that makes an offer to buy items at the checkout and the shop then accepts the offer by passing the items past the barcode reader. A prospecting sales-person as outlined earlier has the customer think that they are agreeing to an offer that has not actually been made. Instead, it is the customer that offers to subscribe to the new service regardless of its efficacy and longevity, yet the customer is content to believe that their expectations will be met. Acceptance of the offer is made by the business by installing a fibre-optic service that resembles an idea of what the general consensus of the subscribers have formed from the salespersons pitch and careful avoidance of promises, such as 'This is what the new service CAN provide, not will'. Salespersons would, of course, not mention the last part of that sentence. Sales promotions typically do not prospect for customers by asking questions.


In all instances of buying there is a perceived threat to the customer that they will incur a loss that exceeds the gain of possessing a product or the experience of a service. This is cognitive dissonance and is most often experienced after the sale has been made and the service or product encountered. People, including those who work in procurement or business, all have differing degrees of loss aversion. It is this aversion that personal selling is primarily aimed at; to break down the person's defences, and to drive a promise, what may turn out to be a Trojan Horse, into the customers mind. As a promise, it is merely a seed of understanding that will almost certainly lack full conceptual knowledge of how efficacious the product or service will be.

It is quite simple to realise just how effective sales promotion can be when an understanding of loss aversion is brought into the light.


Loss aversion, to the plotting character in a story, would be an aversion to losing their liberty, losing the respect of their family, or be financially liable for something that they were not previously liable for.


Sales promotion often involves the customer paying a lower price than the product previously sold for (the price, not necessarily the actual cost to the customer as opportunity cost is often overlooked). If a potential customer balked at one price yet almost bought the product or service, then a lower price may just tip them over the edge into a freefall of buying, once the loss aversion position in the customer is reduced or overwhelmed. This may be as simple as the customer having decided that x amount of currency units is too much but x minus 10% is a good price. Once this rigid and remote barbican (remote as in not re-visited) has been breached the customer will be strongly inclined to buy. Sales promotion can easily counter, in this way, such a weak and dilatory defence based on loss aversion alone. However, a salesperson can easily adjust a price if it is clear that the customer is wavering on price alone. An example of this is haggling. Certainly, this is prevalent in many markets and bazaars across the world - the goal of the seller is to get the highest price possible. The buyer on the other hand needs to feel that they have achieved a good bargain, and this can be an extremely powerful motive, particularly so when the buyer is a tourist and has friends and family with them - it's an ego thing. Sales promotion facilitates offering additional goods or services to the customer to make them feel that a good bargain has been struck. At the retail level BOGOF (buy one get one free) works well. At the industrial or B2B level, services are now increasingly more often included with products, such as machinery, than they ever were before.


Unfortunately, whereas there exists a difference between personal selling and promotional selling there is also a confluence of the two that muddies the distinction between them. Personal selling always includes promotional selling, though not the whole scope of promotional selling. A door-to door salesperson promotes a service or product. A salesperson engaged in B2B sales promotes a product or service; this could be a mutable price. However, businesses actually need a product or service to continue operations and price is not always something that can be determined to be a driver away from making a purchase as price is used as a component in more complex equations, any of which components may be adjusted to allow purchase decisions to be fruitfully made.


Where personal selling does not venture, and indeed cannot, is publicity through the use of static advertisement of products or services. Promotional selling can, however, quietly erode loss aversion over time or induce impulse buying through the use of advertising.


Static advertisement for a character in a story is the environment they live in. In a religious community, it is the constant promulgation of religion and its impact that is a billboard of advertisement. When a person is isolated in a social environment to which they are unaccustomed they will have to rapidly learn new behaviour and adjust to the, what may even be abhorrent to them, new environment, corrupt as it may be. A pious person may even need to have to lie, quite simply because telling the truth might get them lynched or mobbed. This is then a person affected by the static advertising in an environment.


Promotional selling at the B2B (Business to Business) level may be at the vanguard of a package of processes that results in a purchase order of a very large consignment of a good at a low price and loss aversion may not even be triggered if the purchasing business already sells the same product and has good information that demonstrates positive results that pertain to past sales and the continuance of sales of the same product.


Despite trade fairs and similar events being in the ambit of promotional selling and considered by some people to be exclusively for promotions, where there is a person attending to the stall, or the promotion of a product or service, there will inevitably be an element of personal selling. However, it is unusual for price adjustments to be made 'on-the-fly' and customising purchase and sales agreements will be conducted in a much more personal and focused level at a later date. The intent is really to make sure interested parties have the relevant information to initiate future negotiations.


For our troubled character in a story, even if they are considering a romantic affair, the internet and specific websites are the tradestands and trade fairs that are there to provide information to potential buyers. Bespoke solutions can be found for searchers of romantic liaisons but there will be some kind of cost that cannot be known beforehand. Travel costs, opportunity costs, and emotional costs, are just three that come to mind.


There is an inherent desire in most of us to make a distinction between personal selling and promotional sales based on 'friendliness' or 'warmth' or 'connectivity' and so describe promotional selling as cold, rigid, unyielding, disconnected, and static. The family of promotional sales are ruthlessly used for different purposes, and as mentioned before, one of them, called price (the most mutable member), always accompanies the salesperson. It is more useful to consider promotions to be a set of tools to facilitate sales; as hammers, wedges, and destructive devices wielded by a Trojan Horse that potential customers have come to be insentient to, through varying degrees of anoesis 1 and over-exposure; and in the distributors' and retailers' minds, as being a very much alive animal that has to be carefully considered before allowing it into a zoo of equations that hopefully will ultimately reveal financial solvency. One should be aware that promotional sales are not entirely deleterious because, often, the general public who buy as a consequence of being exposed to promotions are unaware of what has just happened to them and go home happy with the feeling that they have somehow just 'won' something and with an alleviation of something that they did not know existed in them. 'Suadade' (sow-dah-dgee - from Portuguese folk culture - a deep emotional state of melancholic longing for a person or thing that is absent who may not actually exist) can be implanted in customers by powerful marketing. Realistically, many people are merely making oblations to the gods and goddesses of ignorant imagination, materialism, self-promotion, and conformity.


Personal selling; remember this is bespoke selling, also creates 'saudade' if the product or service is not immediately purchased and is later ruminated on. Personal selling is also a spell-inducing process that can cause businesses to purchase simply because the business has been seduced into believing that, in chess terms, a 'zugzwang' 2 has been encountered, because insolvency of the business has been mooted and a state of uncertainty manifests in the business, wherein it becomes victim to its own incomprehension of a situational episode. At the very least, if a sale is to be made, it is incumbent on the salesperson to create a bifurcation in the thinking process of potential customers by introducing solutions to them for problems that the customer did not know exist, or perhaps did know exist yet has no solution.

A character in a story owns their decision to act in a particular way. The emotions attached to this can be likened to saudade and a feeling of being in a 'zugzwang' position. Wanting the solution of their actions to be already in place might be saudade, and being in a position in which any action is detrimental to the character's position or safety is compromised, both have an almost tangible effect on the character which is evident by their specific body movements, trembling, nervous glancing, manic moods changes, and so on.

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1   anoesis - a state of mind consisting of pure sensation without cognitive thought.

2   zugzwang (German) - a situation in which a chess player is limited to moves that cost pieces or have a damaging positional effect.


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Noise in the communication process

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Friday, 14 Feb 2025, 01:46
Black and white silhouette of female profile   13 minute read

Asians paint the background: the whole scene; and Europeans paint the main characters in the foreground first. It is the concept that is important to Asians and the incidence that is important to Westerners.

Asians paint an holistic view of life, such as the background effects the foreground. Western perspectives have the central figures (people) as being the forefront, or front, in their representation of a picture or scenario.


On Culture

Of course, marketers cannot control customers’ cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics, yet these characteristics are of huge interest.

If there is an hierarchy of customer characteristics then culture would be firmly at the top; it has the broadest and deepest influences on customers, and is the most basic course of a person’s wants and behaviours.

According to Bogachevsky, a friend to Georg Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, an Armenian mystic, one should not allow oneself to adopt any conventions, either those of one’s immediate circle or of those of any other people, he said. ‘From the conventions with which one is stuffed, subjective morality is formed, but for real life, objective morality is needed, which comes only from conscience’.

Culture, as a state of consciousness or predilection to perceive in a particular way, (see the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) comes from observed and learned values that pertain to achievement and success; activity and involvement; efficiency and practicality; progress; material comfort; individualism; freedom; humanitarianism; youthfulness; and fitness and health. These, however, are not universally found, particularly so in large cities.

It is true that different cultural distinctions are found across the world, yet many cultures also exist in any Western city.


Availability Heuristic

Enculturation (noun)

  1. The process by which an individual adopts the behaviour patterns of the cultures in which he or she is immersed.

  2. The adoption of the behaviour patterns of the surrounding cultures


Acculturation (noun)

  1. The modification of the culture of a group or individual as a result of contact with a different culture.

  2. The process by which the culture of a particular society is instilled in a human from infancy onward

  3. The process of adopting and assimilating foreign cultural elements.


*Enculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.

*Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when another culture is brought to you.


Chanel - perfumier. Chanel produce a wide variety of liquids intended to convince the wearer of which, that they are sexier with the odour being associated with their presence than on other occasions otherwise. While many members of the opposite sex find these perfumes pleasant it is an entirely subjective experience, mostly experienced by the wearer. Originally, perfume was used to mask the horrendous smells of the unwashed, the pungent smell of human sewage and horse waste in the streets (or human excrement in the corners of the rooms at the Palace of Versailles), and putrid death, most noticeably during Europe's Black Death in both the 14th century and 1665 in London. This was done in the form of posies, later potpourri in little linen bags held to the nose, and for morticians, masks that held posies. Chanel, however, was among the first to convince rich females that malodorous and toxic by-products of bacteria acting on emanations from the body should be masked by mellifluous scents. Accidentally, important pheromones were also masked and so there is a trade-off between masking the slightly nauseating smell of sebum secreted by someone with an unhealthy diet, and denying a would-be lover a wonderful whiff of heightened-hormone pheromones that actually do not register as having a smell. 2 Chanel produce perfumes that have very high prices.


Cultural differences are also observed by graphic designers; a colour may mean happiness in one country and death in another.


What is 'noise' in a communication process?

Anything that distorts a message is considered to be 'noise'. In many cases 'noise' is completely internal in the form of mental disturbance and capacity. The human brain limits itself in the way it performs methods of perception. Psychologists will often say that most people can only remember a list of up to seven items without applying memory techniques developed by experts. in this case then, the eighth item will interfere with the list of seven. Moreover, the human brain, it seems, is inclined to remember only the FIRST or LAST seven items from a list, though research also shows that there is a permanence of memory for the first item in the list.

Useful knowledge in this field is understanding how to eliminate noise in communication. An approach to this is understanding the best approach to getting a message across to the target audience. An example is signage on vehicles; the vehicle should display the business name at the front, the side, and the rear, so three times - four is superfluous, and will constitute noise because it will interfere with the reception of more information due to wasted time taken to read it. Other information to be displayed is the type of business, which actually is a heading for information and not part of a list, the contact information, and the location of operation. The contact information is typically a telephone number, an email address and various social media platforms on which the business can be found (three distinct items on the list). Because telephone numbers in England are eleven digits these need to be either highly memorable or divided into chunks. 3 Most people don't realise that mobile phones have different prefacing digits for the country code; (07) for English mobile numbers. These two digits are actually noise as they do not need to be retained when they pertain to a British based mobile phone. So, the remaining nine digits need to be separated into three groups. If these three groups have identical digits in the same order, such as 164 164 164, they constitute only one item on the list. If the spaces are removed 164164164 they can be read as 1641 6416 4 or 1 6416 4164. So, here we have noise by interference in the perception process with no extraneous information being available. In both of the latter displays there is a list of what initially can be considered to be nine digits and because we know that there are ten available numerical digits in a telephone number we must allocate x amount of our perception to record nine different digits from an available list of ten, despite these numerical digits being separated into three groups, albeit awkwardly. The reason this is noise is because of the similarity of the digits in the three groups - yet there are only three different numbers.

Graphic designers are careful to make sure that the message to be conveyed is not obscured by a background colour such as pink on an orange background. However, the message to be conveyed can be interfered with by using the wrong font or colour - this would be noise.


Noise can be inadvertently added to marketing and advertising. Some years ago there was a newspaper advert for Captain Morgan's Dark Rum. The printed advert had a young man wearing a straw Panama hat lounging on a wooden boat on a white sand (tropical) beach. I bought a wooden sailing boat and a Panama hat, but not the rum. The tropical beach caused me to think that being a boat-owner would give me pleasure and I would need a hat to protect me from anticipated exposure to sun and the rum made me think that my time on a boat would be leisurely even without alcohol. Alcohol, water and boats do not make a good combination in my mind.

Ultimately, noise is manifested in the individual's mind and is more commonly thought of as mental aberration, and an inability to adequately process information. However, we, as humans, can learn, or adapt to, our surroundings exceptionally well. When MTV, the music video channel first started broadcasting with the target market being teens, many older people struggled to read the scrolling text at the bottom of the screen and, at the same time, correctly perceive any spoken word that was simultaneously being broadcast.

Another example is when people, decades ago, would reel off their email address or a web address and expect the recipient to not only accurately perceive the information but also be able to retain it. Many people were just not used to perceiving such a combination of letters and punctuation marks in spoken form. Most surprisingly, despite training, cold-callers will still reel off their individual name and the company they are calling from and immediately launch into their elevator pitch. Which part of the message do they want the recipient to focus on? The individual, the business, or the offer? And doesn't it seem obvious that when we leave telephone messages that we give our own telephone number slowly both at the beginning of our message and at the end, with a comment at the beginning of the message that notifies the recipient that the telephone number will be repeated at the end of the message? Surely then, the recipient only needs to listen to the message two times at the most. Isn't the most important part of the message the telephone number? At least then we can seek further information.



1 Obviously, the exchange of one service for another is a Quid Pro Quo agreement and has special considerations because services are intangible and ownership cannot pass from one entity to another.

2  Morris Dancing, a traditional folk dance from the Medieval period in England and enacted in modern English streets and fields, incorporates men waving handkerchiefs in the air. At a formal medieval dance handkerchiefs would be held within a man's armpit until a desirable dance partner was dancing suitably close. Then, the handkerchief would be flourished and the man's pheromones would be released into the air in the vicinity of the 'lovely' lady's, 'unsuspecting' and 'delicate' nose.

3  In his 1956 paper entitled 'Seven Plus or Minus Two', George Miller, an American psychologist, said that our conscious minds can only handle seven plus-or-minus two bits of information at any one time, and that we delete the rest. That means on a good day we can deal with nine bits in total and on a bad day, maybe only five.



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Cultural differences or complacency?

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Tuesday, 11 Feb 2025, 10:35

Black and white silhouette of a womans face in profile


In Japanese culture, there is a strong current of needing to read between the lines, because the Japanese are traditionally less direct in their conversation.

From the web site, ‘thejapanesepage.com’: ‘The Japanese expression "をめない" literally means "can't read the air." It is used to describe someone who is socially awkward or unaware, lacking the ability to pick up on social cues, context, or the mood of a situation.’ (The Japanese Pages)

Apparently, the Japanese love to abbreviate and so they use slang, ‘KY’, When spoken, ケイワイ to mean, ‘can’t read the air’. So, if you see ‘KY’ written online you now know what it means. KY are two of the letters from ‘Kuuki o Yomenai’


I like to talk; I really like to talk. But I am not very good at listening. You would think I would be good at listening because I lost a considerable percentage of my visual acuity when I was still six years old. Decades later, my vision has been fixed and I can see as well as most people in the West; I don’t need corrective aids to see very well. I do however, need reading glasses. Before my vision was restored I could not see the minute facial changes on people I met; I could not distinguish a ‘Duchenne Smile’ from a ‘Pan-Am smile’, because I could not see if the smile reached the eyes. I relied very heavily on nuances and inflections in the speaker’s voice. Unfortunately, it seems that almost no-one I met paid much attention to their voice and how they used it. Indeed, why would they? So far, in their lives everyone they came across, just understood them. It made things quite difficult for me at the most basic level. Doctors, and even people who profess to being autistic, or having Asperger Syndrome, or being ‘on the spectrum’, either tested me for autism or in the latter, told me I am autistic. Because I lost a lot of my vision as a child, I tended to watch anything I could see on anyone’s face that was moving; in effect lip-reading without actually lip-reading. A ‘Pan-Am smile’ would fool me into thinking that the wearer was happy and not instead strained by my continued presence. I suppose, taking a hint was not in my tool-box of social interaction.


Back then, when I was standing quite close to a woman, yet still outside of her personal space as we all understand the size to be in our culture, I would stop watching her mouth when she stopped talking, and look at her eyes. Some women would pull their cardigan over their chest to more firmly cover their body. I wasn’t looking at their chests, I was watching their mouths, but they saw my eyes flick up and they were watching my face for clues on how I was perceiving their conversation. I never bothered to tell them that I was watching their mouths and not looking at their bodies.


Here, we should become aware that I am building a hook to another part of an explanation. It is usual for me to leave a few hooks hanging, and then I can show how the shape of something can be made out when it is brought out into the open and hung from different hooks but with different light sources. We might consider this differently: By partially explaining something, I cast a shadow on a wall. Another partial explanation, from a different aspect, casts another shadow on the same wall, and so on. Soon enough, there are the right shadows on a wall, and I then move the light sources so all the shadows blend together and all the shadows can be seen as one shape. Where the shadows cross, darker areas are formed and depth is perceived; at least, I hope so.


Back to my eyes flicking upwards to a woman’s eyes. If I tell an offended woman I was only looking at her mouth, three things can happen, I suggest. She doesn’t believe me - people caught in the act, I propose, mostly lie about their actions; she does believe me and maybe feels a bit foolish; and thirdly, she is offended because by explaining my actions I have used a suppressed premise, ‘I was not looking at your breasts!’. I believe it is rude, in the UK, to bring up, even obliquely, the shape of a woman in a conversation that is not expressly about her body. So, as a result of any of these three moments, an awkward phase passed between the offended woman and I, and the conversation faltered and petered out. I might paint a picture of the feelings of two people in this scenario as there being a resentful and offended woman who is lowering her respect for a man with poor eyesight, who, himself, is feeling foolish and vicariously guilty by a association with having the thought of stealing a glance, that has been forced upon him. The slightest change in posture or hesitation by this man will positively identify him to the woman as the rightful recipient of her contempt. Of course, this is only a picture that might be painted with broad brush-strokes. If this was occurring, however, the man would be in a ‘zugzwang’ situation. No matter what he does, he will lose a piece in a proverbial chess game with a forced position that requires a move, simply because it is his turn. And all this cast in a greenish spotlight of penetrating focus, before a suddenly hushed audience, with only an internal commentator annoyingly drawing out the micro-pause, to be analysed over and over again in the editing rooms of the man’s and woman’s minds. She may remember only the rude man and, he, only his vicarious shame. It is just a picture though, a wild representation of how things might be seen. That is not to say that there is actually a game to be won or one that is even playable.


Business speaker and author of ‘The Culture Map’, Erin Meyer, spoke, in a talk, on how she gave a talk to a room full of Japanese and asked them, at the end, if they had any questions; no-one raised their hands so Erin moved off the stage and sat down. She was surprised when her Japanese colleague asked her if he might try for questions. He asked if they had questions and no-one raised their hands. However, he selected people in the audience who really did have questions, and who were grateful to be chosen. Erin asked him how he knew who to select. He answered that these people had bright eyes. Because, Erin said, Japanese people will not look at you if they have questions, the ones who look at you show, to those who can read the air in the room, that they have questions or something to say.


My mother visited me one day and, after some time, pointed to a little picture of a hologram with concentric circles in a frame on my mantelpiece. She asked me if that was the right time. I knew she was embarrassed about having poor eyesight and just told her, ‘No, it is not, I will go and find out the right time’; I did, and told her the time. This, in Japanese culture, is reading the room, or the air, or understanding a person. I come across this ability so rarely in the West. We are quick to judge and seem to take everything at face-value. Many of us would inadvertently have hurt their mother by not thinking beforehand and telling her it is not a clock. Why do we do that? Unfortunately, when we read the room and do not act in a particular way there is a hiatus in communication. We, in the West are sometimes compelled to ignore the ‘air in the room’ simply because it is bad manners to disallow someone to be direct with us; go figure, as they say in the United States.


In a TEDx Talk in Trondheim, Norway, Julien S. Bourrelle shares an experience that in his home country, French-speaking Canada, he would have been fine with, in Norway, after living there for some time, he found to be intrusive and uncomfortable. He was sitting on a park bench and someone sat down on the same bench and started talking to him, Julien answered and then turned away. He thought to himself, ‘Why is this man talking to me?’ so he asked the man, and added that he [Julien] comes from a country where that sort of behaviour does not happen; people don’t speak to each other. Yet, he went on in his TEDx talk to negate this, by saying that it is entirely normal for strangers to just start conversations. In Norway, however, socialisation takes place in a much more framed and organised manner. In fact, he had rewired his brain, and his mental programming had changed over the five years he had spent in Norway.


Confront, Complain, or Conform

‘When you confront, it is because you believe that your behaviour is the right behaviour. When you complain, you isolate yourself into social bubbles of segregation. When you conform, you adapt your behaviour to the society you are in, and can truly benefit from diversity’. Julien went on, ‘But that implies that you are observing, learning, understanding the behaviours of others and adapting your own so that it fits with the behaviour of the society you are in’.

I will start a conversation at supermarket checkouts, park benches, bus stops, on the bus or train, but never in a pub or bar, unless I have been there a few times to read the room (or air). This is a selfish attitude. The pub or bar I choose to be my regular or at least one of a favoured few, is a place I go to to feel comfortable. I don’t want to upset the proverbial apple-cart with crass opinion or statements in a place I want to be able to return to. Ironically, I do not present my true self, until I am confident that I am known and as such, some leeway may be afforded me if I make a mistake once or twice. This means I am two different people. Or perhaps, we might see it as ruthlessly using a circumstance with a stranger that I will likely never meet again as a temporary release of verbal energy; thereby, secretly and silently, ticking one of the many boxes on my invisible ‘List of Things to do Today’; Speak to a stranger; No, I mean, socially interact. I no longer air-write: ‘Make a list’ on my daily list. We have all, I suspect, recognised that the volume of conversation is attenuated by the entry of a stranger in a remote village bar where tourists tend not to go.


Valerie Hoeks, in a TEDx talk in Haarlem, The Netherlands, some years ago, spoke of her time spent conducting business in China. She highlighted that Confucianism plays a large part in how Chinese see themselves and others. Valerie remarked that there seemed to her to be three things that really stood out to be imperatives to get things done in China. Of course, she also wanted to be kind and friendly.


Reciprocal favour; Harmony; and Saving Face

In China if one asks for a favour it is unquestionably expected that the favour will be returned; the more favours asked, the more the debt is increased. It, she says, is unforgivable to not return favours. She went on to explain by mentioning that she had friends who decades after graduating still went, every week; every week for decades, to visit their primary school teachers, for whom they felt they had never repaid the debt of their attention and teaching.

Harmony, was impressed upon Valerie by finding herself in a situation for which she had some anxiety but her friend seemed to brush it aside and a fine solution was effected. In fact, the solution far exceeded an alternative that Valerie was actually seeking. There is a time for everything.

 

A Time for Everything

1 There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under the heavens

2 a time to be born and a time to die, a time to plant and a time to uproot,
3 a time to kill and a time to heal, a time to tear down and a time to build,
4 a time to weep and a time to laugh, a time to mourn and a time to dance,
5 a time to scatter stones and a time to gather them, a time to embrace and a time to refrain from embracing,
6 a time to search and a time to give up, a time to keep and a time to throw away,
7 a time to tear and a time to mend, a time to be silent and a time to speak,
8 a time to love and a time to hate, a time for war and a time for peace.

- Ecclesiastes 3:1-8 The Bible, New International Version


You may have seen a portion of this in the very first pages of a book. For me, I might have a story-line that resembles the hands on a clock. The hour hand moves slowly from twelve to one, while the minute hand moves twelve times faster before it gets to the twelve again. The clock strikes and a task or event is reached. This happens eleven times more while the hour hand advances and each hourly chime lasts longer and longer, and the task, event, or circumstance being celebrated or tolled is ever more portentous. If this persistence of chiming is made known to the reader, there is a building anticipation of the clock finally striking twelve (midnight for Cinderella).

My mum had a German Cuckoo clock which chimed every quarter hour and cuckoo-ed every hour. As children, we would advance the hands to make it chime and pull on the weights to speed up the tune. The cuckoo clock broke after just a couple of years, but my mum still kept it on the wall; she loved it, even when it didn’t work. We forced events to occur and the world of the two figures and the cuckoo in the clock got broken, and our mum silently cried. We didn’t realise at the time that we had made her unhappy.

I used to hate windy days, because I cycled to work, until I bought a sailing boat, and then would think, ‘Great sailing weather!’ To be mindful of harmony and to remind me to try to let things segue together, I had to change my speech; I now draw out the ‘double u’ (w) on the word ‘wait’. I like how it sounds, and I think some people can hear the word a little better, when patience might be a good idea.

The third thing that Valerie, in her TEDx talk mentioned as being inherent in Chinese culture was ‘Face’, or more accurately, how one is perceived by others. This includes the actual facial physique, social interaction, honour, and respectability. It is horrific, she concludes, for Chinese people with a connection to Confucianism to lose face.

If I had told my mum that the clock she thought she saw on my mantelpiece is not a clock, the implication would have been that I am observing her as stupid or in some way impaired. Extending this implication it would also mean she is either useless to society or even a hazard to safety. Someone, somewhere, filled with hate, would have maliciously told her, ‘Yes, it is the right time.’ and watched her squirm. They might even have deliberately stayed in the room to prevent her from moving closer to the clock to check the time. When my mum asked me if it was the right time, no matter the time she was going to leave; she was merely interposing a pause and introducing an exit strategy to go home. If the mean person makes you feel uncomfortable, then you and I are the same; it makes me very, very uncomfortable.


References

The Japanese Page, https://www.thejapanesepage.com/not-reading-the-air-in-japanese-%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%97%E3%82%92%E8%AA%AD%E3%82%81%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/

Accessed: 09 February 2025


Julien Bourrelle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-Yy6poJ2zs&list=TLPQMDkwMjIwMjVo5MAa2lUG8A&index=17

Accessed: 09 February 2025


Cultural difference in business | Valerie Hoeks | TADxHaarlem, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMwjscSCcf0&list=TLPQMDkwMjIwMjVo5MAa2lUG8A&index=13

Accessed: 09 February 2025


Erin Meyer, The Lavin Agency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQvqDv4vbEg&list=TLPQMDkwMjIwMjVo5MAa2lUG8A&index=14

Accessed: 09 February 2025



Bibliography

BBC https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200129-what-is-reading-the-air-in-japan

Accessed: 09 February 2025





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Saving for a rainy day and discounted utility

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Sunday, 9 Feb 2025, 00:26

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Here is another example of divergent thinking: which is a thought process or method used for generating creative ideas by exploring possible solutions. Some of us know this as, ’Brain-storming’. Divergent thinking differs from convergent thinking, which focuses on finding a single, correct solution to a problem.

A stylised image of a piggybank

You have to speculate to accumulate:

This could well be selling something, like a car, for less than you paid for it, in order to have the funds to buy something cheap, to ‘flip’ it elsewhere for a huge profit. (Flip - buy something with the intention of quickly selling it for a quick profit, usually after adding economic value). The cheap sale price you place on your item may come about because someone else is attempting to generate cash for their own speculative venture, and as such, is also selling something cheap in order to gain some quick capital. A question arises here; is the value of something reduced because you lose money on it? Or does the ‘util’ of each currency unit that you used to purchase the item, you are now selling at a lower price, maintain its value or even increase in value? What even is, a ‘util’?

Also: For some people, a gift of £100 in the future is worth £10 right now, so the future £100 is heavily discounted for immediate gratification of £10 now. This is ‘discounted utility’.


Let’s start with Sacrament Money from a book of superstitions: ‘Encyclopaedia of Superstitions’, by E & M.A. Radford.

Sacrament Money

‘Sacrament money was the name given to money offered at Holy Communion. It was once very generally believed to acquire curative powers by its association with the sacred rite, and was used to heal ailments of various kinds, particularly epilepsy and rheumatism. Twelve pennies [equivalent to one shilling] or thirty pennies [two shillings and six pence or half a crown] were collected by the patient, or one of their friends, and presented to the parish clergyman in exchange for a shilling or half-crown from the Communion effertory. The coin so obtained was then made into a ring, or a hole was bored into it so that it could be worn around the neck on a ribbon.’ (Radford, 1974).

Interestingly, it is not the patient who is out of pocket. The superstition requires that it is twelve or thirty unmarried persons of the opposite sex to the sufferer who give up a penny each. Sometimes, these donations were also accompanied by any small piece of silver; further costing the donators. The silver was melted by a blacksmith and made into a ring for the patient, and the fee the blacksmith received was the twelve pennies, and no more, other than the surplus silver. This is really an example of what seems to be altruism, yet is actually herd behaviour that is commonly found in the wild. There is a cost to the ‘herd’ but they may find themselves in need of similar assistance in the future, so they give up a penny; which they could have bought a loaf of bread with (though not in 1974, when the book was published). Eat bread, or pay for health insurance?


In my Latin / English dictionary, ‘utility’ is ‘utilitas’ or ‘commiditas’. I suppose then, that we might consider ‘utility’ to be somewhere in the ambit of the use of a commodity. In English, we might ask ‘What use is it?’ or ‘What is its utility?’. In economics, however, utility is defined as the total satisfaction, usefulness, or happiness gained from consuming a good or service. (Investopedia, 2024)

Understanding ‘utility’ helps us to comprehend how we and others make decisions.

There are two ‘utilities’ that are of interest to me as a man-in-the-wild human:

‘Ordinal Utility’, which is the concept of one thing being more desirable than another (bread or health insurance?); and

Marginal Utility, which is the satisfaction, use, or happiness gained from consuming one more unit of a service or good. Ordinal Utility has as part of it: ‘Total Utility’.

There is also ‘Cardinal Utility’, which is the idea of measuring economic value, measured with imaginary ‘utils’. Like this: I like oranges more than strawberries, so, one orange, to me, is worth twenty utils and one strawberry is worth one util. This means, I might swap one orange for your twenty strawberries. I definitely will, if I have two oranges; this is because the second orange is not worth as much to me as the first one. The satisfaction I get from eating one orange is not matched by eating a second orange immediately after. The marginal utiity of the second orange is the value of the first orange less the value of the second orange.

Clearly, ‘marginal utility’ is also a measure of how much pleasure is lost compared to the initial pleasure of the first experience of something.

For strawberries; one strawberry is never enough, so the next strawberry may have a total utility that is higher than the previous one; the idea of eating it is enhanced by the taste and experience of eating the one before. Only when a number of strawberries have been eaten will the marginal utility start to descend towards zero, or even into negative figures. Perhaps five strawberries is enough to achieve maximum satisfaction.

The important thing to remember is, that if this person has ten strawberries and has eaten none, then they have two ‘bundles’ of a commodity that can be used on two separate occasions to satisfy their want; they know this. These two bundles are not equal in value to them, if they are to be eaten, with the second bundle having a slightly lesser value than the first. However, once the first bundle is consumed and total maximisation of utility has been achieved, the value of the second bundle is significantly lower than if no strawberries had been eaten. This is because anticipation of the pleasure of eating them is now absent, and saving them for another time is less attractive. This is crucial in understanding the second of these two different ways of saving money.

Put money aside before having fun; or, having fun first and then saving any surplus money.

A green stylised image of a piggy bank, typically used for saving money

We are remembering that the ‘util’ value of surplus money, like strawberries, is less than the money already spent. We are also putting aside cognitive dissonance. ‘Cor Blimey! That was a waste of money. I am not going there again!’. We will come back to cognitive dissonance later. We are also drifting into needing to understand the Marginal Propensity to Consume in Macroeconomics (another time, perhaps).

Discounting utility is about putting off, or denying, a greater pleasure or satisfaction in the future, for a lesser, but sooner, satisfaction. In simple terms, it is akin to answering this question: ‘Would you rather have a sandwich now, or a restaurant meal in one weeks time?’ Of course, this is dependent on a few factors, not least being how hungry you are; preferences for eating in public with attendant social protocols to abide by; and whether the question was understood as including that you do not have to pay for either choice; and many more.

Someone with a high discount factor will likely prefer immediate gratification and be less inclined to save for the future. Conversely, someone who tends not to discount satisfaction in the present for greater future satisfaction, has a low discount factor. But, it is a sliding scale because there are different things that are preferred that can be obtained with the same currency; money; which negates bartering. Bartering, of course, is swapping something you don’t want or need for something you do need or want. What we can’t really do with bartering is ask if someone has change for a guinea-pig. I think that last comes from a Monty Python scene.

What we are looking at is; the ‘utils’ for each choice. For someone who hasn’t eaten for a while and so has a definite immediate need, the question has choices that have aspects to them that are entirely different than to someone who is satiated. Let us not forget the Law of Diminishing Utility. ‘Do you know what, old chap, right now I really couldn’t eat another thing!’

Perhaps we might consider someone who works really hard each weekday and scrimps and saves to pay for a two week holiday each year. (A person with a low discount factor) First, we may reach into our understanding of people and consider that this person believes that an annual holiday is an essential need, and not only a want. If it rains throughout the whole two weeks of the holiday, one person may be satisfied that the need is satisfied, and the ‘want’ of a suuny fortnight is sanguinely put aside as only ever having been a possibility. On the other hand, how miserable is the person who has saved all year and invested in a sunny holiday, with want being paramount, and ended up with a fourteen day soggy mope? Each £100 unit saved for a holiday, if they were instead spent individually, may have provided a weekend away; a day trip to a castle; a hiring of a car; and a gift for a loved one, yet the same £100s when combined and spent on a holiday, that is some way off and then disappointingly experienced as a watery dilution of fun, might seem to be wasted. The disappointed holiday-goer would be experiencing cognitive dissonance (it didn’t turn out to be as good as they anticipated), because they did not instead opt for immediate gratification. But the ‘utils’ for each £100 spent on a holiday is not just derived from the holiday itself; there is also some gratification, or satisfaction, from telling the hairdresser where you are going for your holiday. Even, standing by the water-cooler, back at work again, saying ‘Oh, it rained the whole time we were there!’, has some gratification attached to it. Money well spent!

There are, of course, two distinct methods of saving money: save a finite amount of money and then spend whatever is left on what may be considered to be necessary by other people; and pay for what is necessary and then save what is left. We might consider a quote attributed to Aesop to be fitting here to consolidate the first way of saving money (put money aside and then spend the surplus), “It is thrifty to prepare today for the wants of tomorrow.” Yet, doesn’t this really apply to activities like chopping wood in Summer, ready for Winter fires? It is merely practical advice.

In modern times, we might cook more food than we are about to immediately consume, so we can freeze the surplus for another day, thereby saving energy for cooking and time in later preparation and cooking of food.

Personally, I should like to read a book of two characters in conflict that use these two different methods of accumulating wealth to achieve their vindictive goals, much in the style of Jeffrey Archer’s, Abel Rosnovski and William Kane in ‘Kane and Abel’. (In case you haven’t read it, they are rival hoteliers from very different cultural backgrounds). Which one of these new characters in this currently unwritten book or play would be richer (if the idea of wealth is a goal for satisfaction) and which would have a satisfied, self-indulgent smile of vindictive achievement for the ruin of the other? Proverbs 13:11 in the New International Version of the Bible, might lend itself to the plot nicely: ‘Dishonest money dwindles away, but whoever gathers money little by little makes it grow.’

Waste neither time nor money

Benjamin Franklin supposedly said, “Waste neither time nor money, but make the best use of both”, and Johann Wolfgang Goethe might have said, “Many people take no care of their money till they come nearly to the end of it, and others do just the same with their time.”

In modern times we have become quite used to looking after our bodies and be mindful of our mental health. I suggest that, working really hard while we are young to save for our retirement (the opposite to discounted utility of money) is fast becoming a tactic for satisfaction that is not particularly well embraced by many young people of this current period.While getting drunk at the weekend as a slightly delayed process of immediate gratification is rapidly declining in society, it was once the ONLY way of socialising. If we consider the two quotes, by Franklin and Goethe, above, we may inadvertently measure time with the same metric as money by consciously applying our amorphous and never fully developed conception of the value of our time in terms of 'utils'. But how do we convert the util of a finite handful of money into utils for leisure or health? We could, of course, consider 'opportunity cost'; we can't do two things simultaneously; both work and spend time with our families. Even YouTubers have to stop the fun to plan the 'shoot' or edit something. What Goethe is saying to me, is that the future time, when we are old, is ignored when we are young. Many veterans of life are bent and stiff in their latter years due to the extreme work environments and practices of their younger years. I wonder if the violent, yet piquant and bitter-sweet, process of life is preferable to an homogenised 'smoothie' of existence, with no highs or lows; no joys and disappointments; just safe, safe, safe.

Does anyone have any money to save anymore, or should we, excitedly, sell our belongings for a chance at being in a better position of being able to buy someone else’s cheap belongings, with a hope of selling those new belongings at a higher price than our own belongings originally cost us? This question considers the util of our possessions and how we almost never consider an alternative use of things or means of gaining satisfaction, or total maximum utility.


References

Investopedia (2024), Utility in Economics Explained: Types and Measurement, ‘What Is Utility?’.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/utility.asp Accessed 06 February 2025


Radford, E. & M.A., 1974, Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, ed. Christina Hole, ‘Sacrament Money, p293, London, Book Club Associates.


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Positives and Negatives

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Wednesday, 5 Feb 2025, 19:02


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Positive and Negative Transfer Effects


In Psychology, there is something known as the ‘negative transfer effect’. Rudimentally, this means that given a problem to solve, there is a set of rules that someone has learnt, or internally adheres to in their general life, that may inhibit a successful solution being found, because those rules are so fixed in the individual that lateral thinking, or thinking outside the box, does not occur to them. To even think, ‘Ah ha! I need to think laterally here!’ would actually negate this ‘negative transfer effect’; but only if knowing that thinking outside the box might give an appropriate solution is a norm for an individual. Get it? Anyone who normally thinks outside the box is not already hindered. However, if wild and lateral thinking is the norm for an individual, following a linear series of steps to solve a problem can be difficult. Some people with a good understanding of mathematics struggle to pass a ‘Functional Maths’ Level Two exam. In case you don’t know what that is; it is approximately the level of a nine year old primary school child in the UK.


Someone I know has a nickname, slightly contemptuous, I suppose, for a work colleague, ‘word count’. I am told that ‘word count’ will use five words when one will do. I think that there may be an inherent mental health issue at play here. I think this chap is probably talking around a subject and landing on each facet of the topic, which to him, needs mentioning; quite simply because they are fascinating to him, or maybe they are just awkward stumbling blocks which need to be dismantled by spoken dissemination.


Someone with Macular Degeneration, a vision problem that affects how the central part of an image is perceived, sees only the periphery around a blind or blurred central spot. There may be blurred or no vision in the centre of their visual field. To have some understanding of what this may be like we might, ourselves, try to see in very low light conditions. We have cells in our eyes; rods and cones. The cones ‘see’ colour and are important to us during strong light conditions. The rods in the human eye are most sensitive to light but generally, are located in a ring around the cones; so a doughnut (Am. ‘donut’) shape. This means that often the best impression of something we want to see in low light conditions is gained by looking slightly to one side or above or below the object. In other words, you can’t look ‘at’ it. Human night-vision is also in black and white and devoid of colour.


The Secretarybird, found mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, is a predator, resembling an eagle on very long, stork-like legs; reaching up to 1.3 metres tall. It likes to eat snakes and small animals and hunts on the ground. It uses its sharp vision to find its prey by walking about a location and jerking its head about in different directions, seeking movement. It turns its head and focuses; turns its head and focuses, and then moves to a new spot; even returning to a rock or bush it had only just been to.


Now. Let us intermesh our limited understanding of how the person suffering with macular degeneration sees; what we see in the dark; and how the Secretarybird stares, focuses, and analyses each rock or bush; then moves on to the next. Let us also consider how my friend’s colleague ‘word-count’ communicates. Are they not the same? Each one of the entities used as examples for how vision is used have no choice in the application of their specific visual acuity, and word-count, much like a Secretarybird has great focus, but is compelled to examine each ‘rock’ before the whole landscape is understood or described. Perhaps, for ‘Word-count, the central image or focus is not available to him, and the shape of the concept is explained instead. It is also possible that that he is secretly in love with my acquantance and babbles, or he is teaching himself as he speaks, by assembling a construct of ideas.


Word-count’s passion and confusion aside, we might say that these entities have hard-wired systems. These hard-wired systems are far-removed from thought processes that result from experience because experience is mutable; it grows with each new experience; at least it should. The only resemblance is; experience could, disastrously, result in an heuristic, or rule of thumb, that is taken by the individual to be a hard-wired process of problem-solving. It is the past experience of an individual that generally determines how that individual approaches problem-solving. ‘Good at problem-solving’ on your CV doesn’t really mean anything, does it? It just means that you solved problems once upon a time, yet you may well have a fixed mind-set.



We can see how the negative transfer effect is demonstrated if, at a high street jewellers, the door from the high street opens differently to how high street shop doors normally open. There are videos on YouTube that show thieves giving up trying to escape a jewellers because they are trying to force the doors outwards, when they should have just gently pulled the unlocked doors inwards. Certainly, in England, we normally push the door to enter the shop and pull the door to leave the shop. When doors operate like this, a thief needs to spend more time to leave the shop with swag, because a full pelt run comes to a full stop in order to be able to pull on the door’s handle. That, however, is not the reason why our doors open like this; it is so pedestrians, passing the shop, don’t get hit in the face with an opening door.


Now we understand how a movement from one position, circumstance, or situation may smoothly transgress into, what may seem to the character in a story to be serendipitous, and a reader may just follow that rule of one state of being smoothly passing into another – the door opens inwards so the passage from outside to inside is barely slowed, or the transition from stranger to acqauintance is merely a few shared words of commonality. Withdrawing from an environment (or shop) or a situation, however, usually requires a pause if a threshold is actually crossed and the ‘door’ closed, before escape is fully achieved. An individual may create a pause in the movement of another character merely by saying, ‘One moment’, or ‘ Wait!’, or ‘I…’, or any other utterance, and then may say, ‘Never mind’, or shake their head once, left and right, as they, mirroring the movement, gently swat the air with a flat hand. This is akin to the pause before the door opens to leave the shop, environment, or circumstance. This would create a level of tension between people or characters in a story, especially if no other words, notably, went between them beforehand.


So far, we have looked at the positive transfer effect; in that all the action and interaction follows a standard format and one circumstance naturally flows into another. A child, without having fully formed a honed set of heuristics to use as a template to test the world, will not be at all surprised if one of the characters in a book, or an individual in their scope of perception, suddenly acts weirdly. One of the characters or individuals would only need to glance over their shoulder as they leave the presence of another, and an adult reader or viewer may infer that something is afoot; a child, however, may only understand that a character looked at another character or person. Fundamentally, there is no pause if two characters are in a open space and it is only distance that shall, or does, determine separation between these characters. So, a wide-open space with no hindrances that cause a delay in movement has only potential for a fading relationship between people. By fading, I mean there is an absence of finality. Typically, in films the viewer sees this as one person in a nascent romantic relationship running after the other as they tearfully leave town, never to return again. ‘Well, go get him!’ Of course, their relationship may instead continue to cook on the proverbial back-burner. One of these participants may even thwart a mutually attractive and symbiotic future relationship by fantasing a future and inadvertently using this fantasy as a false memory that is then egregiously considered, by them, to be a real experience. Just consider jealousy, for example. A pause, as the threshold of possible social interaction and improbable social interaction is actually crossed, creates a world of possibilities in a relationship between people, but there must be a clearly defined threshold.


A simplified scene of two people without embellishment or style:


‘Goodbye’.

‘Goodbye’.

Martin turned and began to walk away.

‘I…I..No’.

The distance between them grew.



Now the same scene without the pause.


‘Goodbye’.

‘Goodbye’.

Martin turned and began to walk away. The distance between them grew.


Positive and negative transfer is within the field of associative learning. For most of us, one set of problems were solved in a particular way, and that ‘way’ becomes for us our ‘way’ of doing things. My wife would call this her ‘inimicable style’. In an exclusively visual world, she would have been wearing an ‘L’ plate (from the ‘L’ that learner drivers place on their vehicles to designate their status as being inexperienced). But, in explaining experience, I am not seeking to portray a character’s style or personality in a story; I want to understand people’s fallibility; their inability to easily open the proverbial door; the fumble; the hesitation; not the covert look, but instead the unguarded and accidental look. Real people do not flow from one environment to another without a slip. There is an incongruity about them. From the two scenes above; we know that the Martin in the first scene is human because we have learnt that only humans talk and there is the expectation that it is Martin who turns and speaks; because that is our experience of how books are written; unless it is otherwise clearly stated, the last person mentioned is the owner of the next piece of speech. In the same scene above but without speech, the ‘distance’ could be attributed to the enlarging geographical space between Martin and the other character, or it could be an opening intangible chasm that serves to separate their future relationship. Yet, there may be a third character AND Martin might instead be a dog or other walking entity. Of course, it is implied that there are only two humans and no other entities; but that is only implication which works on our shared understanding of normal practice.


Here then, in the example above, is an example of the positive transfer effect being upset by a new perspective, which jolts our perception into an unconscious recognition of our fallibility to correctly understand a scenario. In effect, the possibility of not understanding the scope of the scene is an example of negative transfer – believing things happen this way and only this way, and we are later shown to be wrong or are given conflicting information.


Unfortunately, most of us don’t realise that our experience binds and circumscribes our understanding of a situation. Our perception is working fine, but it is compromised by our experience, and, in many cases, not by our complete lack of experience. Strangely, zero experience often trumps some experience; and a great deal of experience from different perspectives indubitably trumps only some experience. We might know this as: ‘ A little bit of knowledge is worse than none at all’. A little bit of knowledge, or experience, prevents us from approaching an operation with fresh eyes, and so a toolbox of unfettered, and uncluttered, set of possibilities is not available to us. Let us not forget, though, that all of us need to be shown how to do things; we cannot expect wolves to raise our children in the forest, and then expect the children to be able to use cutlery to feed themselves in a restaurant.



Positive and Negative Framing


This cognitive bias can be expressed in terms of stating information with a positive or negative slant; the result, nonetheless, being the same for either choosing one solution to a problem over another. Simply, and loosely: ‘This medicine saves 80% of the sufferers of a disease’, is positive framing. ‘This medicine cannot save 20% of the sufferers of a disease’, is negative framing. This, though, is a very simplistic approach is showing how describing something differently creates different expectations in the minds of recipients of information.


Let us delve into this a little more. In buying a second-hand motorcycle, a group of friends went separately to try to buy the motorcycle as cheaply as they could. The person in the group who was to be the owner of the motorbike went first to try it out. The advertised price was £200. The seller, was the father of the owner of the motorcycle. The father was not a fan of motorbikes. An offer of £170 was made with a determination that a good price to pay would be £180. The offer was refused. Next, a series of friends went and made lower offers; £120; £140; and £130; each of which were refused. Finally, the last friend went to view the motorbike and offered £170 again, with the authority to pay £180. The offer of £170 was accepted. Each of the lower offers served to positively frame the original offer. The same amount was accepted from the last friend because the seller’s expectaction was that only low offers would follow. This is positively framing.


It is possible; indeed, I heard this is true, that Vladamir Putin, at election times, similarly set up opposing political parties that faded into obscurity or had obvious failings, to positively frame his own political position.


In business, an unscrupulous entrepreneur may set up, perhaps, five businesses in the same industry; all of them viable. However, only one of these businesses is the true focus of the entrepreneur’s attention. If these five businesses take up five of the first page of Google listing and four of the websites offer a poor service; five competitors cannot occupy those slots on the first page and one of the websites out of the five will be more favourable than the other four ‘practically psuedo’ businesses. This could, by extension, be an example, if conducted well, of both negatively framing competitors’ businesses, while at the same time positively framing one of the five businesses operated by the unscrupulous entrepreneur. One might not be surprised to discover that Unilever owns around about two-thirds of the businesses that make the butter-like spreads in a UK supermarket fridge. The unscrupulous businessman with five businesses with five separate web pages on the first page of a Google listing is not at all dissimilar. The difference is, though, that the dastardly cad is attempting to use some of the webpages to negatively frame its competitors. You may well find, without too much scrutiny, evidence of such behaviour in modern marketing; it is, however, only a very recent slide into devilishly unfair tactics.


In marketing, there is something known as, ‘Collusive Bidding’. It is banned in the UK. Essentially, there would be a cartel of businesses who take it in turns to bid for a contract, much in the way of a ‘Dutch Auction’. One of the businesses in the cartel puts in a lower bid, still high but lower. Mostly, they get the contract. When a business in a cartel has a slack period of activity, that is the one which ‘gets’ the contract. Because, there are extremely heavy penalties for this type of activity, there is a strong compulsion for a competitor to report this nefarious activity.


A wily person can negatively frame other job interviewees by speaking in the negative, such as; ‘I don’t go home until the task is done’. This suggests that other people will leave work unfinished for their own selfish ends. This tactic used to work – except now, job interviewers want to establish that the potential employee will have a good work/life balance (It is good for the hiring business, due to it avoiding employee mental ill-health caused by too much work). Now, I suppose, one needs to exhibit robustness in job interviews. Ultimately, the interviewee, by default, frames their own application positively.




Bibliography


National Geographic, Secretarybirds,

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/secretary-bird

Accessed 03 February 2025


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology)



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On ethics held by Gen X, Y, and Z

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 2 Jan 2025, 05:44
The purpose of this loose investigation was to understand how older people (Gen X) understand their freedom; how it has been eroded in the modern world; and how Gen Y (millennials) and Gen Z persons may have 'their eyes fixed on 'negative liberty''. My focus is on whether persons present themselves in interviews that match the expectation of the interviewer who themselves are firmly set in 'negative liberty' values. Interviewers are really focused on Health and Safety, and the newly fangled 'Work-Life Balance' aspect of personal protection.


‘...the moral or political or social order sets the scene. It can’t help what people make of the scene. Whether people can go on to achieve the life of eudaimonia is up to them. It is not the job of a moral philosophy, and more than that of a constitution or a government, to make people happy, but only to set a stage within which they can be happy. The American Declaration of Independence talks of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’, not the achievement of happiness'.

Quote continues -

'This conception of the role of the political order is characteristic of liberalism. It is often said that its eyes are fixed on ‘negative liberty’ – people are to be free from various evils. This is contrasted with a more goal-driven or idealistic politics in which the aim is to enable people to do various good things or to become or be something desirable – positive liberty’. (Blackburn, 2001 p81)


I understand that work efficiency is increased if workers are rested; yet I am at a loss to know how interviewers perceive the concept of rest and recuperation - is it for the individual or the business' success? If I understand this correctly, perhaps my job interviewee approach can be temporarily moulded to conform to a set of values that seem to be prevalent in the modern world, yet are greatly understated and intellectually suppressed.


There is no hiding my education when I am interviewed. I, and many others similar to me, must present facets of our individuality that dispel preconceived views of 'out-moded' Gen X persons, by embracing modern views, and perhaps 'entitlement', and offering a distinctive and interesting; though never superior, or closed, or one-sided, or satisfied, performance.


A leap of thinking has given me cause to believe that modern UK schooling and digital social interaction capability has given rise to an encompassing communist approach to life in the UK.


In the 1960s and 70s student rioters and protestors were probably least likely to secure work by dint of having a particular mindset (unproven). Today, the average elderly 'Just Stop Oil' protestor might seem more likely to secure a job before I can.


The marriage between 'entitlement' and what might be considered to be utilitarianism and altruism in a modern individual, I think, has created a species that, through hegemony, is about to make sensible people extinct.


In preparation for successfully gaining appropriate work I shall focus on creating a character that I intend to act out during job interviews. Of course, this is anathema to me because it is deceitful; however, if one is 'in for a penny', then one might as well be 'in for a pound', so I shall adjust my CV to be in compliance with the views and activities of a modern hippy bent on maintaining the proverbial teenager's lament of 'Why should I?'; 'Mañana', and the pursuit of a halcyon kaleidoscope of self-indulgent immediate gratification that satisfies an addiction to dopamine.

Realistically, this means adding energy-consuming entertaining activities to give an impression of health, fitness, low-uncertainty avoidance personality, and sociability, despite preferring a 'cup of tea'.


This then will, satirically, be my new approach to finding and securing a suitable new job. There is, however, an element of prescience to this, I feel; particularly in how easily citizens around the world flee their countries when threatened by an oppressing force, notwithstanding a digitally enhanced communication that facilitated the 'Arab Spring'. Modern thinking is ' The concept is a good idea, but I am not brave enough to be a martyr; where is my TEAM?'; and, 'Let's make a team and share responsibility for being absent!'


I prefer to just go to work, work all the hours to get the task done and go home and not think about work.



REFERENCES

Atillah, Imane El, 2024, 'Companies are firing Gen Z employees soon after hiring them. What's behind their job struggles? ', Euronews online. Available at: https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/12/08/companies-are-firing-gen-z-workers-soon-after-hiring-them-whats-behind-their-job-market-st. Accessed: 17 December 2024


Blackburn, Simon, 2001, Ethics – A very short introduction, Ch. 13, ‘Freedom from the bad’. Oxford, Oxford University Press


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Awake, ye drunkards, and weep

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 2 Jan 2025, 05:47

I am reading more often that people are puzzled by how easily they are scammed. Why are they confused? If you accept emails from businesses with your name on them, the probability, I suggest, is that you will eventually get scammed.


Surely, without thinking too hard, we can understand that the reason we want online banking and conduct many business activities online, including by email, texts and phone calls is because it is convenient. It means that we do not have to physically go to the post office (or shop) to buy a stamp and go to the post box to post a letter. 'Oh no! You cry. I want immediate gratification'. The truth is, most of us are addicted to dopamine. Anticipation releases chemicals in the brain that make us feel good. Send for a parcel and the anticipation is there. We don’t want it to wane so we pay for next day delivery (more than the price for a stamp and an envelope to order it by post). We wake up knowing that the order will be delivered. There it is! Now the anticipation peaks as we unwrap it and test the item in some way. How many emails did you get from the delivery company telling you the order is wherever it is, at different times of the day? Did you give your details to the delivery company? Of course not; the business you ordered the product from did. GDPR makes it clear that the information you supply for delivery purposes can only be used for delivery purposes. Guess what? Warehouses print your name and address on labels that they stick to packages. Your email address is NOT on the label. Did you agree to a third party knowing your email address ? No, you didn’t. Tacitly, you did, because you ordered from a business who routinely passes your details to third parties, and you did not make it clear to them not to. Your fault for letting them breach the GDPR by not complaining. Oh wait! We enjoy the text messages and emails; it heightens the anticipation. Only the most foolish of us actually believes that our email accounts have never been hacked. And, only the most foolish of us believes that our phones and laptops have not been scanned for information. So, surely, we can understand that if we have even one file with our name attached to it or, madly, within the text of the file, on our laptops, phones, in emails or texts, that someone, some business, some hacker, some terrorist, some country, has a profile on us. Just consider how Google and Amazon make money.


If you change telephone service providers, for example, it is imperative that you tell your previous provider to delete your details from their records under GDPR. If you have no longer have an account with them, it is much harder for you to track what they do with your information, and have conversations with them. If you have an account, you may, as is your right, complain to the ombudsman for arbitration; you cannot do this if you do not have an account with a business. Make them remove your details so they can not sell them without your knowledge.


Incidentally, I have never received a single cold call or advertising that matches my preferences.


Frankly, I cannot understand why people do online banking, and banks actually send emails to customers with the customers name within the email!


If you want to be lazy, prepare to pay hackers and scammers, with the money you want to use for the extra entertainment you now have time for, because you didn’t walk to the post office.

When you click on ‘Accept cookies’ on web pages, ask yourself, What will I actually get by allowing my viewing habits to be known?. Who will benefit from this? Is your web experience really improved? If you did not ask yourself what information you wanted from the internet, you should probably just go back to bed and have a little think about yourself.I have a browser that automatically sets all the little sliders to 'NO!' for marketing purposes and tracking. Did you vote for Trump? Did you vote for Brexit? Did you vote for the Conservatives or Labour? Did you badmouth someone? (You should understand that the last one here has a saying attached to it; 'The dog that fetches, carries.' Do you know what that means? It means that the person who provided you with information or gossip will also transport the information you provide them to everyone else. Did you know what you would get when you voted? Do you know what you will get if you do not accept cookies? Never mind! It is quicker to press 'Accept all Cookies' and aimlessly wander and pontificate because it takes no effort, and because every day is a 'duvet-day'.


Awake, ye drunkards, and weep. Joel 1:5


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Promiscuous promulgation of information

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 2 Jan 2025, 05:48

Why is it that when we buy something online, other than on Ebay, we have to tacitly agree to marketing messages, and to agree to be contacted. For me, here is the order; here is my address; here is the payment; Now just send it and DO NOT contact me. I have no interest in where it is or when it will be delivered beyond the initial estimate. I don’t carry a mobile phone with me because nothing is important enough for me to be contactable at a moment’s notice. Mobile phone plans have provision for voicemail. So, we can just collect the messages later anyway.

Why does a business need my FULL name; my EMAIL ADDRESS; my TELEPHONE NUMBER; and my bank card details when I have selected the option to Click and Collect. No-one needs my name, address, or contactable device details when the item is to collected in person.


I will tell you why – for marketing purposes. AND, I will outline a part of the GDPR as it affects business that is conducted either partially or in full in the UK.


Ordering something online from Argos, the shop not the place, requires a full name, delivery address, email address and telephone number to be entered. The Argos web page states that these details are used solely for delivery purposes. Under GDPR, this means that if the purchaser is going to collect the order there is no need to collect the purchaser’s name, address, or any other contact details. This means that Argos breaches the GDPR on a daily basis. How do I know this. Sainsbury’s owns the Argos brand, which operate separately. I have never given Sainsbury’s any of my contact details, so when I got a marketing email I knew where it had come from – Argos. I emailed Sainsburys and requested that Argos removes my details from their records (computer storage). The response I got from Sainsburys was that because Argos operates separately so I would need to contact them directly. I then requested that Sainsburys remove my details from their records. Even HMRC rules for businesses could not force Sainsburys to keep my records for 6 years after a transaction with them, because there has never been a transaction that is related to my identity. Sainsburys requested that I give them all my details, full name, age, telephone number, email address, and home address to they could check for any transactions with their different operations to remove my details. If I had done so, I would have needed to again request that my details are removed from their records. I imagine that their response to every request would be to seek all my details to check their different operations to remove my details over and over again.


When we order something from an online business and they use a third party delivery business the GDPR should prevent the online business from giving any information to a third party other than the name and delivery address: Certainly, the delivery business should not have your email address. I received a survey from Yodel to ascertain how happy I was with their recent delivery. How did they get my email address when I have NEVER had ANY interaction with Yodel prior to receiving the item on my doorstep? I did not give the delivery person any personal details. I didn’t even identify myself.


We do not need updates on where the order, is or when it will be delivered. I mean who among us can leave work and be at home within the thirty minute window that we are given by text as the penultimate update?In any case, if the items does not arrive, we will definitely let them know, 'toute en suite'.


My phone’s ability to receive texts, and my email address are for important things – not for aimless chatter, and especially not for telling me something I already know and couldn’t care less about.


If it is urgent – phone me


Need to give me Minor Details (directions to an location, web address or link, or a code number) – only text it


Perusal of Contracts and full details of technical aspects – send an email.


Above all, stop making me pointlessly look at my phone throughout the day. An unsolicited text message should be sent ONLY to request information when the request is not urgent.


Do we not know what protocol is anymore?


What can we do?


Stand up to these pernicious businesses breaching GDPR that was set up to protect our privacy, safety, personal details, and peace.


Help me to set up a national initiative to stop the promiscuous promulgation of information. We might give out a unified email address that automatically responds with a request to remove the details of the purchaser from the seller’s records. We might give a unified telephone number that instantly deletes every text message so NO-ONE ever sees the contents.





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Mental Health Wellness Plans

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 2 Jan 2025, 05:49

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This is the final installment of my humorous submission for gaining a level 3 certificate in Mental Health and Mental Health Advocacy in the Workplace.


Because so much time is lost to mental ill-health, there is a consequent negative effect on the productivity of an organisation. When problems arise in the workplace mentally healthy people are better able to deal with these situations. Having a mentally healthy work environment reduces absenteeism from mental ill-health by reducing the probability of its occurrence as a consequence of the work environment. The reputation of the organisation is enhanced when it is known that the organisation cares for and adequately assists its employees in dealing with mental ill-health, and particularly so when the organisation is proactive in preventing mental un-wellness. By having good mental health physical health is improved and vice-versa.


There are legal responsibilities that organisations must meet; having a mentally healthy workplace is one of them and so there is a compliance to regulations.

Sometimes, in order to define something a list is required to define how groupings are arrived at. However, I am not going to do that because it requires bullet points.

Every employee should have a ‘wellness action plan’ whether they need one or not. It is a confidential document that is shared between the employer and individual employees to whom it specifically pertains to. In it there should be identifying statements that describe, define or even list, what will protect the employee’s mental health and well-being at work. Presumably, this wellness action plan should be beneficially shaped around existing mental health issues for individuals, and is formed around a solid structure of action an employee should take, that is standard for the treatment of all the employees.

Conversations need to start somewhere and so this wellness action plan is an excellent opportunity for employers to probe into potential employees’ lives to ascertain how much work can be wrung out of them before they break. Looking at it in a more benign way, a setting for a conversation about the mental limitations an employee has, had, or is beginning to experience, is a decidedly good position to be in for the employee, as this setting is much formalised and therefore has the scope to be private and confidential. In this way it is a proactive approach to managing mental health in the workplace by anticipating what may go wrong and the effects it may have on certain individuals. It allows safeguards to be put in place and they help to prevent stress and mental ill-health. They also evidence the employer’s efforts and focus on the prevention and management of mental ill-health in the workplace.


Identify key components of a wellness action plan.

Identify – Give sufficient detail so that someone else can recognise your description. This is sometimes used instead of ‘list’ or ‘state’ so think what the question is asking for.


N.B. It is the conjunction of the words ‘identify’, ‘key’, and ‘components’ in the question that drives me to believe that a list with bullet points is appropriate, and allowable here. However, I am under instructions to not use bullet points unless there is a definite call for a list in the question. The advice is that the answer will be ignored where there are bullet points and the question does not ask for a list. Hmmm. I want to use bullet points because it is my aim to learn and not necessarily pass examinations. Certainly, I shall need to completely rewrite this whole assignment to include bullet points where they are most certainly necessary for easy understanding and for compartmentalising information. Altogether, this means that my learning will commence only after the submission of this final assignment and the complete rewriting of it, for my own understanding of the subject.


The key components of a wellness action plan should contain a list of approaches that an individual can use and adapt to support their own mental well-being. Bear in mind that it is recommended that everyone should have a wellness action plan whether they have mental illness or not. So, the frequency of reading or accessing the wellness action plan remains, so far, a less than fully constructed concept. This may mean that a correlation between degree of mental ill-health and frequency of accessing the wellness action plan is fomented. However, the signs and symptoms of stress or mental ill-health should alert the employer and the employee that there are are circumstances that can trigger a spiral of mental diminishment in the employee. This then requires that the wellness action plan is somewhat memorised, otherwise it should be attached to the individual in some way or reviewed in an office daily. There may be other triggers, such as a lack of communication, or feelings of loss of control, that impart a feeling of mental un-wellness in an employee; these should appear in the wellness action plan. The impacts of stresses should be recorded in the wellness action plan. These, of course, would be based on past observations, or levels of probability. An understanding of how the employer can ameliorate potential and real problems in the workplace that does, or will, impact negatively on the employee’s mental wellness, should be in the wellness action plan. Of course, regular reviews, as mentioned earlier, should be conducted to update and amend, where appropriate, the wellness action plan. The employer and employee are free to have any other additions to the wellness action plan wherein they see fit that further additions should be made.


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Identify strategies to reduce barriers to accessing mental health support.

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Sunday, 3 Nov 2024, 14:45

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The course material that pertains to this question has a list of 21 bullet points and only four sentences that are not bullet-pointed. However, I shall attempt to join it all up.


Individuals often do not access mental health services, advocacy, or support for a number of reasons, including: stigma; concerns about confidentiality; nervousness; language barriers; and a lack of understanding of where to go to get help or advice.

In discussion with a mature-aged person an individual with PTSD, that precluded him from intimacy with his family through having detached emotions, could not help but reply with ‘I have had no real or satisfying time with my family for years’, in response to the mature-aged person mentioning that the Covid-19 lock-down had prevented that person from seeing grandchildren for six months. The man was shocked that this person thought that six months of isolation is a long time. The lock-down would, of course, have been lifted, or a solution to isolation would have otherwise been implemented  (by secretly introducing herd-immunity at the expense and demise of the vulnerable).

World economics would have demanded it, otherwise the global population would have been driven into the stone-age and billions would have died. There is, however, no end to many mental ill-health issues, only management. As ruthless as it seems, handing out ‘homework’ to households would have been a good choice to cause a rudimentary mental stimulation through quite simple educational tasks. Instead, there is the panacea of television – that will never give people ideas on what to worry about next, will it?

Continuing with the formulaic format: - Providing information on where to find help and support for mental ill-health and what help is available for what mental health issue would assist in driving people toward seeking help. Within those places safe environments should be created and made clear to the public that they exist. 

The provision of help, assistance and support should be in languages other than the country’s national language as well as respect for different cultures. The training of individuals to spot mental ill-health is fraught with a nebulous miasma of problems; not least that ‘do-gooders’ tend to make snap decisions to suit their own agenda – to wit, to proactively seek out mental ill-health and force the discovery of it upon unsuspecting ‘sufferers’ who are ‘held hostage’ by their own mental aberration and downfall. There is nothing quite so annoying as someone who tells you that you have signs of mental illness when you already know it. 

I have PTSD. I was very functional until a Psychiatrist told me I have PTSD and then left me to my own devices. I had spent years sifting through my life forgiving other people and myself, using templates of behaviour to assess other people as ’enablers’, abusers, ‘clockwork ice-cream monkeys’, narcissists, and everything else. In doing so, I had to be isolated in order to gain a more objective perception. Well done! An isolated individual with PTSD who isolated himself further to understand why he is isolated. It didn’t matter though, the whole world was isolated shortly after and so I got the jump on everyone else. 

We find success wherever and whenever we can! Throughout my adult life I have been in continuous education (and I don’t mean with social interaction sites). Typically, social interaction, for someone like me, is a fragile and very high-maintenance pastime that has recognised rewards but are perceived to be solvents to clear and clean up mental anguish by introducing mentally stimulating interactions and environments – a bit like playing a video game or taking recreational psychedelics; fun but ultimately useless, except that social interaction prepares people for a relatively smooth existence in an homogenous or hegemonious society and its traditions, customs, and mores. In real terms, we know how to use a shop or a road, and understand what private possessions are, etc.


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Can policy support the mental health of individuals?

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Friday, 11 Oct 2024, 08:27

Poverty is known to be a major contributor to mental illness and can seem so insurmountable that some poverty-stricken people decide to take drastic action to avoid the effects of poverty and its seemingly endless strain on the mind. Some people will make themselves homeless; some are made homeless against their will; and, some will end their lives.

Talk to someone, your friends, family, employer or tutor if you are affected by poverty. The goal is to come up with a solution. Even an imagined future can help make us feel better for a little while. That is the time to put a plan into practice.

Samaritans 116 123 (really kind people who listen)

Four stylised shapes resembling humans around a table

The Joseph Rowntree Foundation is a charity that both carries out research and funds third-party research into poverty and its effects. Its focus is on ending poverty in the UK. Its origins are from the philanthropic nature of a Quaker confectioner. It works with private, public and voluntary sectors, and impoverished people. It is politically neutral and has no affiliations with any UK political party. Its areas of work cover: (here come those wonderful semi-colons again) cities, towns and neighbourhoods; housing; income and benefits; people; society; and work. (Wikipedia)


Describe how policy can support the mental health of individuals, including the provision for health and well-being.

We have come a long way from when witches were drowned or burnt at the stake in the Middle Ages. Burnt or drowned simply because some men and women demonstrated behaviour, such as visions, that may, or may not, be indicative, to their peers, of evil possession by a demon, or suchlike. It is fairly well understood that there were more ‘witches’ in the damp late Summers than when Summer culminated in a dry period. Mould, and mildew, and particularly ergot (which grows on damp rye) were prevalent, and set in, in the prolonged damp and warm days. Ergot is an hallucinogenic. Now, in the modern world, we have killed most of the witches, and both men and women are only prone to mental ill-health instead.


Gall’s Law states that ‘A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple system that worked.’ - John Gall, systems theorist.

Obviously, trying to see whether someone drowns when held underwater, or burn when tied to a stake surrounded by fire, is not a good system to ascertain whether they are merely unwell or spiritually overrun. But at least, they tried.


Making a single rule to apply where it works well is a good start to making a simple system. It is also a good idea to group any rules that work, and make sure they do not out-rule each other. Once a bundle of related rules can be grouped and consistently used, there only remains shaping, reviewing, and shaping again, before they can be the basis for a simple system. Unfortunately, there are no absolutes in our world so we cannot always use the same rules universally. In this case, we rely on making a reliable system by using benchmarks to use as comparisons and levels of achievement in a complex system. Without these benchmarks, we must rely, largely, on subjective guesswork. When benchmarks are reached, both being a point at which there is too much, and too little, of something or other, specific protocols, initiatives, and programmes are brought into play. However, there are rules on when to apply these protocols, initiatives, and programmes. This is known as a ‘policy’.

The Government has a Mental Health policy that is based on a vision of how they would like mental health and mental ill-health services to be delivered. It is perceived to be that, without this overall modern vision, and effective legislation that supports it, the delivery of programmes and services that deal with mental health and mental ill-health will be both fragmented and inadequate. The policy of the Government is to bring about better outcomes through legislation.

One of the Government’s priorities is to prevent mental ill-health and promote well-being. To improve health outcomes and reduce inequalities in health.

Legislation brings health and care professionals, and other attendant service providers into a position of responsibility to promote well-being and be vigilant in discovering mental ill-health. Further, these bodies become active in pursuing enquiries into an individual’s life, including home life, to determine and log the extent of any mental aberration and any deterioration of health therein, sometimes to the mental detriment of the reclusive individual.


Describe strategies to promote well-being

There are strategies that are considered useful to promote well-being that do not have the permission of affected individuals, yet are nevertheless implemented by tacit agreement. One concern here is that some people have an ‘high uncertainty avoidance’ personality, while others a ‘low uncertainty avoidance’ personality, and there are situations in which many people feel uncomfortable, while the same situation allows other individuals to ‘run riot’ through the environment. This, of course, creates an inequality.


Strategies to promote well-being in the workplace or learning environment

Individuals can be given more control over their work or learning. Modern schooling in England has brutally used this strategy to create learning environments in schools that are more conducive to shared responsibility among pupils to study a subject as a group activity and to organise their own work, as opposed to direct lecturing directly from the tutor to the students. This has created a dissipated responsibility for learning in students and an attitude of diminished responsibility for their individual behaviour. Where lectures are absent there is a growing taste in individuals to become lazy in applying concentration to the task at hand, namely; listening to, and understanding any information that is being conveyed. Giving individuals greater control over their work, and the organisation of it, for an individual with an ‘high uncertainty avoidance’ personality is plain unfair. These people require rigid codes of behaviour and beliefs; are intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas; appreciate explicit instructions; and rely on procedures and policies to reduce the chance of letting things getting out of control. However, the intent behind this strategy is to build self-esteem and self-confidence, which both contribute to well-being.

Another strategy to promote well-being in the workplace or learning environment is ‘involving individuals in decision making’. The intent behind this is to create stakeholders in the implementation and actioning of decisions thereby driving motivation towards a successful outcome. This raises morale and satisfaction. Some people, however, just like to pick up box ‘x’ from position ‘a’ and take it to position ‘b’ where they pick up box ‘y’ and take it to position ‘a’.

A useful strategy for assisting in the implementation of the previous two strategies is to train line managers and tutors to be certain that they support these strategies; to wit: delegating control and decision-making in the workplace. Realistically, line managers are either hired for the job or are promoted because they show signs of complying with this concept of leaving people to their own devices; this could reveal, if we look carefully, a lazy line-manager who really does not know what to do and how to plan properly, yet has been trained to accept particular strategies. Certainly, I have come across dozens of ill-equipped and poorly educated line-managers who are ‘fumbling in the dark for a light switch’.

Following on from the previous strategy is: promote good leadership and good relationships between leaders in the organisation and those guided by them or reporting to them. The intent behind this is to reduce conflict and build strong relationships which support well-being. Certainly, there is a sense of well-being among people of the same opinion. Yet, this opinion in the hands of jaded leaders once solidified, can become an, almost, absolute rule or protocol. It is very easy to use an idea that does not appeal to individuals in one arena and then have it verbally tested over and over again in an environment of agreement. Therefore, this strategy is a very dangerous tool indeed. It should only be used if the people who are subjected to the (almost absolute) ‘rule’ are stakeholders in the rule and can consequently vote on the implementation of the rule. This, of course, eliminates the need for personnel with controlling powers and places control in the hands of the individual – also not a good idea if anarchy is not the goal. So, the intent is good, yet the appointment of good leaders is not in the hands of the individuals who are to be subjected to a later concretion of an idea or concept held by the leader.

There is a prevailing strategy in the workplace to engage employees who readily accept the organisation’s goals. This is now considered to be, in many job interview scenarios, so fundamental that many job applicants are sidelined or dismissed as not useful, simply because they couldn’t care less about the aims or progress of a business because they use a disjunctive evaluation of the prospective role they might play in the business’ ambitions – “How much will you pay me?’. Yet, unfeeling AI or automation is ‘so de rigueur’ these days.


Wherein everyone is working towards the same goal there is shared success and a better promotion of well-being, through greater motivation.

People like routine. Routine in individuals’ lives is promoted by mental health teams to help alleviate stress and promote well-being. This next strategy is: Allow employees to have greater control over their work-life balance. Here, there is an idea that life does not include work and that work and life are entirely separated. With this strategy, there is a belief that the employee needs to have fun outside of the work environment to alleviate the dissatisfaction that accumulates in a work environment. There is a perception that a drift away from needing routine towards a compulsion to be in an environment that is slightly chaotic is required by an individual, in order for that individual to be stable.


Long work hours and irregular hours have been shown to be factors in the diminishment of mental health.

Another strategy to promote well-being in the workplace or learning environment is rewarding commitment and effort. This is because there is an understanding that it is important to show that commitment and effort is greater than doing a job well; “Good Job, Jane!”, is not as good as “Good effort, Jane”. 

Dr Carol Dweck, an American psychologist who holds the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professorship of Psychology at Stanford University, and is known for her work on motivation and mindset, considers that the former praise encourages a ‘fixed’ mind-set, while the latter praise encourages a ‘growth’ mind-set. Realistically, because Dr Dweck’s work is largely with learning children, we should be aware that encouraging a ‘growth’ mind-set is fine for young people practicing skills and attitudes, and not so fine for a brain surgeon finishing a job – “Good job, Susan!”, is probably better than, “Oh well, good effort, Sue”. However, there will be times when in the operating theatre any amount of effort will not be enough and encouragement for the expended effort will go a long way to alleviating any imagined guilt for not doing enough to save a life, and will certainly serve as a conduit for immediate support and a continuous stream of related support.


One avenue of early intervention which is an important factor in improving well-being is: reducing stress. Reducing stress has a consequence of reducing absences from work which prevents other workers from experiencing stress from added workloads. This ameliorates any dissatisfaction in the work place. Training programs and other initiatives help to prevent a rise in mental ill-health.


Workplace bullying can have a significant detrimental effect on mental health. Having a set standard of behaviour promulgated and proliferated throughout the work environment can prevent inappropriate controlling behaviour, mocking, and teasing.


1922 words

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Outline stigma and stereotypes relating to mental health illness

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 10 Oct 2024, 06:06

four aliens around a table - one is red

A scattering of evocative words that can be perceived to be arising from applying stigma, stereotypical perceptions and behaviour can easily offend someone. Usually, a person will be silently offended, but the wound is still injurious to their health. Expressions such as ‘wonky mental health’, ‘mental aberration’, or phrases such as, ‘Perhaps then, it is only myself that will see a ‘fixed mindset’ as being something that must be quickly shoved aside by those with a ‘growth mindset’, can always be considered to be indicative of contempt, dislike or misunderstanding and bigotry. Indeed, if I heard someone describe an individual as having wonky mental health I would be inclined to reflect on my own attitudes to persons with mental ill-health. Sometimes, though, there is a desire to illuminate precarious subject material in a less dark format. Perhaps, it is my own take on highlighting the prevalence of mental health by speaking in the vernacular.

Certainly, I do not need to write using any slang, idioms, colloquialisms, or with analogies and metaphors. Technical writing, with the exception of Wiley’s series of ‘…..for Dummies’ books, are particular in the prevalence of phrases and words that are colourful, descriptive, and thought-provoking. Many people will not study a STEM subject precisely because there is no fluid knowledge allowed in the subject text.

So, how does a person in a conversation with another person appeal to the other person except through the use of shared language, including expletives, when both persons are ultimately seeking approval? Of course, there are many people who are morally correct with coming across as self-serving or self-righteous. These people will have their own preferred group of friends and acquaintances and does not include individuals who have strong views on mental ill-health and the sufferers of mental-ill-health, and never the twain shall meet. Methinks, they do protest too much; you know, Smoke-fire; kettle, pot, black.

In passing, I told a psychiatrist that I have been tested as having an IQ of 130 and also tested to have an IQ of 70, and then went on to remind him that dogs have an IQ of 70, to which he replied that some dogs have a higher IQ than that. We know that the bell curve for Intelligence Quotient includes outliers that are quite distant from the average 100 (103 in latter years), so there is a tendency to rope all individuals with mental ill-health into a group as being intelligence-poor; ‘normal’ people as being those who watch television; take holidays abroad once a year for which they save up for; own a car; and expect to retire at the age specified by the Government of the time; while people with higher or lower than usual IQs are ‘weird’; ‘mavericks’; and ‘misfits’.

Clearly, there is a correlation between diminished mental acuity and detectable mental ill-health. Would we expect a depressed person who is contemplating their own permanent demise  to score highly in an IQ test at the time of their wish to stop thinking? Of course not. The person experiencing emotional distress will, of course, be distracted by their perceived situation, such that they will find concentration and focus on a task very difficult.

Samaritans (phone) 116 123

Contact your tutor.


It is fair to say then, that we all undergo differing degrees of mental acuity and this is due to the time of day, levels of energy, and degrees of our mental freedom. It is not a measure of my high IQ test that is relevant since it only realistically reflects that I was unaffected by ANY mental ill-health on the day and at that precise time. It is not a metric which should have any lasting impression on myself or anyone else.

In any case, we are what we eat and mental acuity is facilitated by a good diet, so none of us can accurately assess someone else’s mental capacity and capabilities without first knowing whether their physical and nutritional needs are being adequately met. The only real use of attaining a high level of intelligence quotient is that it acts as something that should be a reminder that it should not be marred by excessive living and works as a goad to force a better, and more considered, presentation of one’s aptitudes.

Misconceptions arise from inductive reasoning. which is most people’s preferred method of making some sense of their world, because they can use heuristics to speed up a decision. Stigma, which is a word most often used by people who present as being different to the ‘norm’ and is a perception of potential negative stereotypical behaviour towards them that applies to their difference. However, just like the words ‘skeptical’ and ‘dubious’ being misused (One can be skeptical about a dubious offer – one cannot be dubious about a skeptical offer – even when there is a skeptical offer from a skeptical person who has a dubious life-story). We should be clear that ‘a stigma is a mark of disgrace that sets a person apart from others’.

There is a common misconception: Individuals with mental health conditions are violent, cannot work or function properly in society because they are unpredictable and unreliable, and they will never get better. Another, people with mental health conditions are weak or have character flaws and these people are rare. In summary then, we should run them out of society and make them live on a remote island where they can fend for themselves or die trying (Oh, sorry, the last bit is the plot from ‘Lord of the Flies’)

There certainly is a valid correlation between occasions of mental ill-health and violence. Violence comes from an inability to adequately control one’s behaviour and exhibits itself as having a lack of clarity of vocal expression to satisfy the degree that the pugilistic person wants to use to hurt the other person. The actual misconception is that individuals with mental health conditions are inherently violent and have short tempers, so will attack even when they are unprovoked.

There is a valid correlation between individuals with permanent mental health conditions and a landscape of insufficient support and help. Also, similar to string theory, because there is an observance of a phenomenon, there is a corresponding effect on the observed element or entity. In simpler terms, but slightly distinct from that similarity, if people have knowledge that someone in their street is an alcoholic, will that alcoholic ever be able to shake off the stigma of being an alcoholic when they have not been intoxicated for decades, if they do not move home? That ex-alcoholic will be forced into a diminished mental state by vicarious influence, and not necessarily influenced by the thoughts that the alcoholic originally had.

‘Positive relationships make employees feel supported and generate an improved attitude towards the organisation and work. They will feel happier and have better mental health, which will make them more resilient in the face of problems and stressful situations both in the workplace and outside it. It will lead to fewer workplace absences and a happier, more productive workplace.’

There is a valid correlation between mental ill-health and weakness or character flaws. If negative stereotypical behaviour is directed towards an individual who is different, that individual will need support from a group of either, mental health workers, or a group of like-minded or similar people. Because we use the word ‘resilient’ as a descriptor of good mental health, when we perceive mental ill-health we use the antonym of the synonym to ‘resilient’. The opposite of strong (resilient) is weak. This can be explained away as not being a negatively stereotypical word as much as it is a lack of clarity of expression. What is the direct antonym to resilient, and why do we use ‘resilient’ to describe an aspect of good mental health, when we know that the working antonym is ‘weak’?

When a mental health condition is so apparent that it becomes a subject of interest to others there must be an attendant display of behaviour that has been perceived to be a correlation to the individual’s mental stability or health. We would be silly to think that in order to be predictable or reliable we must first have mental good health. We know that none of us are predictable and all of us are unreliable. Yet, it is also true that unpredictability and unreliable behaviour is one of the first indicators of mental ill-health when it is taken in the context of a work setting, otherwise the individual is entirely fit to continue in their work role and does not require immediate attention from support workers unless the individual is actually perceived to show other signs of distress, or volunteers such information.

People who exhibit mental ill-health or profess to suffer, or live with, mental ill-health are rare only because their mental ill-health has exacerbated to a detectable degree. Just imagine if the majority of people do present with detectable mental ill-health conditions that surpass the threshold that society places on adequate funtionality in the public environment; would you, like Wonko the Sane in Douglas Adams’ book ‘So long and thanks for all the fish’, consider that you were living in a asylum for mentally-ill people?

Despite there being an idea, that is quite widely promulgated, that one in four people will experience mental ill-health conditions at some point in their life; this is quite untrue. There are periods of extreme anxiety in all our lives at some point. When a loved one dies; only a heartless person (someone who is accepted to have a mental ill-health condition) would not grieve for the newly departed and that sense of loss remains; and who has not been distraught and inconsolably cried when our first love dumped us, and been ever affected by that into cautious love?

Since we know that the seven stages of grief are the contra-wise scale of mental ill-health to that of the Mental Health Continuum, we can be sure that the reason that we are not told that all of us will suffer from a mental health condition is because we are not strong enough to deal with this information; in other words – we lack resilience in the face of reality.

I don’t think it helps to promote the idea that three-quarters of the population are in, and will consistently remain in, a position in which they feel safe to judge one quarter of the population as being different, (for difference read inferior); because if there is a minority there is an outlier from the norm; and which civilisation in history correctly perceived their foreign controlling masters, who were in the minority, as being superior to themselves. Thanks, and a doff of the hat to the empires that subjugated nations, for that idea, and the proven concept that the majority will ultimately prevail unless they are suitably hobbled in their attempts.

But, that hobbling is to prevent anarchy. Perhaps, like getting the digital point in the wrong place for the content of iron in spinach, the actual truth is that one in four of us is experiencing mental ill-health at any given time.

So, these misconceptions that derive from heuristics and result in negative stereotyping when a stigma is encountered, are validated by being in the proverbial majority of ‘unfettered’ thinkers.

Finally, let me examine the misuse of the word ‘resilient’ when applying it to be something to aspire to, or be a metric of mental good health. A story of an Eastern mystic comes to mind. Stereo-typically, they give good advice. The mystic said that we should be like a sapling in a great wind; it bends with the wind and returns to its shape when the storm has passed. 'Do not be like the strong Oak tree', he went on, 'which is firm and stiff and breaks in the wind and cannot return to its shape when the storm has passed'.

We find that the sapling survives because it is malleable and the mature oak tree breaks because it is immutable in its nature. When we say ‘resilience’ we are egregiously conflating the nature of a sapling with a mature oak because we think they are both resilient to force, they are, but different types of force.

How have we drifted away from understanding that the expression ‘You can’t teach an old dog, new tricks’ means that a young dog’s thinking is mutable and an old dog’s thinking is immutable? Very small children are far better at recovering from emotional trauma than mature adults, because small children are resilient due to their mutability. Resilient to change, means immutable or inert. ‘Adaptable to change’ means mutable.

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Teams Framing and Schooling Part One

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 2 Jan 2025, 05:54

Groups of individuals

When I was at school we had work groups. We also had teams; we had football teams and we had netball teams. In class, we had groups. We were educated to be individual achievers. We were not expected to share culpability for a mistake. We were considered to be people, not children in the sense of children who ‘team’ up in gangs, and other favourite children to ‘play’ with.

For us, school was serious. School was preparing us for adulthood; an adulthood during which we were expected to excel, and that excellence would not be hampered by inadequacies in the workplace or our societal spheres. If we did not do well, only ourselves were to blame. We would never, although we didn’t know it, blame someone else for our lack of pernicious engagement on a task. We would never say, in the future, I was distracted. We were taught to focus, without deviation, disruption, and chatter.

On occasion, we would, in class, form into groups. Anyone who understands work teams, would recognise these groups in which we were held, as ‘Cross-functional teams’. Each of us had a separate task to accomplish within a project and inside a specific time. None of us were required to replicate another’s work. This is the only time we could cry off and say, when we received low marks for the completed work, ‘It’s not fair, Martin was in charge of that part of the experiment or project.’ We could have done, but we didn’t.

If we did not have faith in our cross-functional team members we should have checked that person’s workings. If we blamed someone else, we were taught that we had failed to take responsibility for our lack of foresight. The end result was that we learnt to include redundancies in our strategies. One method to accomplish this was by each group member using a strategy to overlap another group member’s work with their own individual workings, though not too in-depth because we were also taught time-management. We could then compare notes to make sure we ALL had an understanding of the veracity of the results compiled by each group member. None of us could blame another.


Often, our conclusions and explanations would differ, but none of us got it wrong.


When our teachers said work from your books or copy this from the blackboard, no one spoke, and no-one fooled around. There were no class clowns and no-one asked another student ‘How do I….?’ or ‘What is…..?’. Most striking is that no-one asked the teacher for help. Above all, none of us offered unsolicited help, and because help was never asked for, we did not get hampered by under-achievers using up valuable time. We all maintained individual accountability.


Later, as young adults, and as we matured into our lives, we apologised for our mistakes, because we recognised that we, as individuals, were at fault. We did not look around for our lost team members so they could bolster our confused sense of culpability with abstract murmuring. We did not believe that we could do something ‘Because everyone else does!’. In short, although we did not know the word, we understood what an hegemony is, and by this, we do not flounder, or flop around like a fish out of water. We are equipped with the tools to be individuals. This means that we do not experience ‘Learned helplessness’ as a condition of our schooling.


Does this sound like your schooling?


Next: Homogenisation and teams.


Bibliography:

Key Differences, Difference Between Group and Team,

Available at: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-group-and-team.html

Accessed: 09th October 2024


Lumen, Organizational Behaviour and Human Relations, Module 10: Managing Groups and Teams, Groups vs. Teams

Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-organizationalbehavior/chapter/groups-vs-teams/

Accessed: 08th October 2024


word count 616

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When I have a difficult time with a work colleague

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 10 Oct 2024, 06:09


What can you do though? The heat is up, wounding statements are lined up for bashing the recipient, and 'Retaliation' is the name of the General in charge of the battle. How incongruous it is, when a person with a whistle suddenly runs onto the battlefield, and stops the fight to watch a replay of the incident. Yep! Definitely a foul, and poor sporting behaviour. This will not do! And, all this before the 'real' opposing team's tactics are known; before they come out of the dressing room, and before they begin to play.


I regard myself as fairly easy to get on with, which of course, requires a constant closed feedback of personal investigation to be at least suggested to be true. In being charitable, I cannot recall a singular event in which I can determine an individual as being difficult to work with. However, there are times when I feel that someone is being obtuse and seemingly reluctant to engage in an examination of a challenging situation and possible routes towards an amicable continuance of social interaction within a group or team. 

I try to determine how someone is feeling and how circumstances have channeled them towards having a difficult time. There is often practically zero time to do this. Perhaps it is because they require clearer instructions or explanations; or an external event or circumstances is negatively impacting on their mental health for a day, or extended period. 

While I would like to say I just leave them to it, whatever 'it' is, this is not my luxury. I am highly interested in why people act as they do, decisions they make and the results they expect from their actions. I am content to physically remove myself, where I can, from their immediate presence, if I feel that I am an irritant to their mood. However, as a manager in a previous life, eventually a decision will be made to address a situation with a knowledge of how a confrontation may play out and the expected results of the paths that may be taken by both parties. As a manager, there always had to be a recognition that it may be necessary to cause the difficult person to comply with the business' values and mission, or replace the person.


Of course, I am not immune to having a bad day or period, and I think most of the time I am able to recognise that I am being 'snippy', 'snappy', withdrawn, or over-bearing through impatience; albeit, mostly in almost immediate retrospect. At these times, I become quite formal and openly admit to the world which mistakes I have made in the recent environment and social interaction, and make open statements recognising the good qualities that other team members have been exhibiting, such as their patience, their empathy and understanding, and the consideration for my own circumstances. This inadvertently makes them feel uncomfortable. I suspect this is because it is outside the breadth of their experience of how normal confrontational behaviour later transforms into resentment and 'under the breath' murmurs of dissent that subsequently solidify into 'plain old' backstabbing to friends and colleagues. Sometimes, this approach is the only course of action that is permissible. 

I once got a letter from my bank saying something I didn't like. I rushed to the high street bank in my local town. I harangued the woman behind the counter, with a raised voice and a blind determination to force my side of the circumstance upon her. Why? She didn't write the letter, and she was completely blindsided by this angry man, me, coming out of left-field. Normally, I was polite, happy, and hopefully interesting. I went away and bought her flowers, and patiently waited in the queue at the bank. Eventually, I handed them over to her with my apology. All the bank tellers 'oohed' and 'aahed', and swooned. and I went away on my white charger back to my fairy-tale castle, the long way, to avoid the trolls under the bridge. (After the other bank staff stared stonily at me, I walked back home in the rain, to my ivory tower, and crossed the road to avoid the teenagers at the bus-stop).


More on teams, schooling, and framing, later.



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Helping with or without permission or assistance

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 10 Oct 2024, 06:11

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Return to work:

When people return to work from any kind of illness, there is a general conception that because the individual is back then they must be cured, or at least functional. However, someone in the organisation should make it their responsibility to welcome back the recently deteriorated person who has been restored to an acceptable level of capacity and capability to operate sufficiently in the work/learning environment. The newly rendered person needs to be updated with information that pertains to their responsibilities, changes in the work environment, its structure and policies, and any other details that may be considered to be initially confusing to the stripped-back individual. Customising of the individual needs to replace any details that were erroneously deleted during the recovery process while they were absent from the primary work operations they are to be assigned to. This may be a re-assignment in keeping with the level of deterioration and restoration of the individual that was previously required.


Like an old and restored car, if someone cannot pass an emissions test, it is best to make sure they are not in a room that does not allow the other workers to freely escape from. Vocal expressions from an individual, may not be quite finalised in their adjustment to a work environment that has been influenced by its conspicuous employees. An organisation should be aware that any new or absent employee will not be up to speed on conversation within a group and they should support the returning individual for a few days with conversation. Although not advisable for the self-respecting person, hiding in a toilet cubicle could assist an assigned supervisor or mentor in discovering whether the returning individual is soliloquising safely or quietly crying. Otherwise, monitoring could include conversations and an open-door policy for help. For the social media hungry people, asking to take selfies with them might make them feel either included or less weird than the mentor/supervisor making the requests. Social acceptance, however, does not yet allow sneaking around to gather information when one might actually be caught for it.


Define the term person-centred

A person-centred approach is directed attention on an individual, which takes an holistic method of application. This means that it is not just the results or outcome and its attendant difficulties of mental ill-health that are focused on. Rather, the whole of an individual’s life and current lifestyle is considered and there are drives into achieving positive changes in the individual’s life that are made to bring about a stable position which encompass personal security, sociability, work, and any other aspects of a person’s life. Advice on debt and finance is sometimes available.


Describe the importance of a person-centred approach for mental health

People feel that they are important and are thus self-centred (self-absorbed?). When mental health assistance is given with a person-centred approach the individual is given some control over their route to wellness. If they are dragged from their dwelling kicking and shouting and railing against mistreatment they will likely rebel against any indoctrination. However, if they are gently persuaded and given the opportunity to engage in mental reassignment they will embrace the concepts and new lifestyle as being through their own decisions and actions. 

Richard Thaler came up with ‘Nudge Theory’ some years ago. Nudge Theory is used by Governments to assist job-seekers to find their own way back into employment. Sometimes though, the reluctant job-seeker will find themselves on a mandatory program that extends from the DWP work coaches’ capacities yet gives the moaning job-seeker a chance to shape their job search and believe they have found a job to suit them.

A person-centred approach to mental health has the same result in satisfying the individual as to the degree of control they have over their mental health recovery and how to stabilise it to attain a plateau of wellness that can be reached through differing conduits while stopping and refreshing at different platforms along the route. It is important because the journey is a voluntary one that the individual, with a travel guide, can manipulate to suit their capacity to positively change.


Explain the importance of recognising one’s own responsibilities and limitations in relation to supporting the mental health of others

Managers with mental health training should follow the organisation’s policies for the reporting of mental ill-health and the support that should be given to the individual. This is important because any mishandling in this area can negatively impact on the individual, the position of the manager, and the organisation’s reputation. At this point, the manager has their own judgement and actions somewhat curtailed and a framework of assessment and action provides a guidance to the manager to alleviate the stress that the manager may experience on being responsible for support from their own, perhaps disjointed, approach. So, a good manager will have, in this way, realised the importance of recognising their own responsibilities and limitations.


Without a recognisance of limitations and an uneven or rugged approach to mental health support without following the organisation’s policies and procedures, respect and support of colleagues may be compromised and discrimination against individuals with mental ill-health may inadvertently occur. With this in mind (recognising one’s own responsibilities and limitations) it is important to know how to report a mental health issue in order that safeguards can be implemented and assistance from appropriate people and services can be sought and utilised.



Identify when it may be necessary to refer to others when supporting individuals with mental ill health. Include people you may refer to.


Without a recognisance of one’s own limitations and an uneven or rugged approach to mental health support without following the organisation’s policies and procedures, respect and support of colleagues may be compromised and discrimination against individuals with mental ill-health may inadvertently occur. With this in mind (recognising one’s own responsibilities and limitations) it is

important to know how to report a mental health issue in order that safeguards can be implemented and assistance from appropriate people and services can be sought and utilised.


Sometimes, mental ill-health has such control over an individual that psychosis will override the individual’s ‘normal’ perception of reality and will cause an individual to be unable to recognise their mental unruliness. In this case, this person would need to be persuaded to seek mental health adjustment services. Of course, this is not by injection, or by operant or classical conditioning (such as for Malcolm McDowell’s character in the film ‘A Clockwork Orange’, forced to watch gratuitous violence on a cinema screen while listening to music by Beethoven). 

This adjustment service is peopled with helpful and understanding persons. There is still, however, a mentality of ‘Keep Calm, and Carry on’ left over from wartime Britain in the 1940s that shrouds the prevalence of anxiety, stress, and other mental health issues. This is not helped by a sway among young people to move towards an attitude that has garnered the epithet ‘Snowflake’. Used in a derogatory way, it has, by dint of having a name, become a rallying point for people who are normally reasonable and fair-minded (a name being a shortcut or code for a whole person or concept). From which elevated position, a bit advanced from their normal resting position, they pour scorn on ‘weak’ people or people who perceive, rightly or wrongly, a bruised attitude in others. Hence. there is a concerted, though not necessarily co-ordinated, retreat from having mental ill-health brought up in a ‘normal’ conversation. By ‘normal’ I mean ‘safe’, or not complicated, such as not discussing religion and politics.


Referring someone to mental health services or persons may be the appropriate action where there is a failure in the individual to perceive their mental ill-health as treatable and especially when they seem to be a threat to themselves or others, notwithstanding that young people are in this group of people because they have unprotected sex, drink too much alcohol, and drive too fast.


Referral should be made when individuals present as psychotic and are not currently seeking mental health help or being seen by mental health persons, teams, or services; or are likely to harm themselves or others, including suicide (how can we know?); and doing something that could put someone else at risk through violence or aggression – but not, apparently, when they are drinking too much at a party, having unprotected sex with their friend’s girl/boy friend, and then driving home too fast full of bravado and high self-esteem that borders on delusional, with a subsequent drop into sorrow and anxiety the next morning when they remember what they did. (Sounds like this person should be arrested for being in possession of an offensive nature who is exhibiting three counts of self-harm, likely to endanger others through violent use of a car, and signs of a bi-polar mental health condition).


When to seek help in supporting an individual with mental ill-health largely depends on whether the manager or responding person is at work or is otherwise dealing with an employee of the organisation they work for. The organisation’s policies will guide the manager accordingly. Of course, if the manager encounters someone who does not work at their place or organisation they can ignore them and get on the nearest bus to escape – or just say ‘I don’t carry any change, sorry.’, or ‘While you are living under my roof you will do as I say. Get a job!’



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Hope and Recovery

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Edited by Martin Cadwell, Thursday, 10 Oct 2024, 06:15


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Continuing with the series on how I answered the questions for a level 3 certificate on Mental Health and Mental Health Advocacy in the Workplace by attempting to use the null hypothesis to prove the positive hypothesis (or not).

In my answer for the certificate there is a lot of my actual attempt to be serious, (we cannot jest about support for people with mental ill-health). My contribution was dry and lengthy, so I have excluded it. I will post it if anyone wants to see it.


Moving on:

Under the Equality Act 2010 an employer or service provider has a responsibility to consider how the individual can be best placed in the work-force and ergonomics need to be assessed accordingly, in order for the individual to continue in work or be a recipient of a service. This Act really applies to disability, which as an umbrella term, includes long-term mental ill-health.


 Hope and recovery:

In 1958, Marie Jahoda suggested that there were six criteria that needed to be fulfilled for ideal mental health. Of course, this was also a time when calisthenics was ‘The’ exercise and women were subjugated, either by their own beliefs, or by men who believed that women only had a specific role, or more likely, by both through indoctrination. However, Marie Jahoda seems to have recognised both a woman’s plight and mental ill-health, with the following criteria for mental well-being:


  1. Positive attitude towards the self

  2. Self-actualisation

  3. Autonomy

  4. Resistance to stress

  5. Environmental mastery

  6. Accurate perception of reality


Available at: https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/deviation-from-ideal-mental-health

Accessed: in 2022 and 06th October 2024


These criteria are uni-sexually applied.


Of course, there are various theories of what constitutes ‘normality’ and not everyone has sat down to examine their own ideas and tested for any validity to their thoughts.


When one considers that some people with mental ill-health are guided towards mental stability and mental health by people who have their own ideas on normality, or are enacting an ill-conceived theory of mental wellness, one cannot help but to imagine those saviour men and women kicking down doors in residential buildings and forcefully removing any people thinking fresh ideas or innovative thoughts so they can be re-indoctrinated with the Party-line; because the neighbours have noticed a smell of air-freshener, or lemons emanating from behind the ‘diseased’ person’s freshly painted front door that is a different colour to all their neighbours’ front doors. While that is vivid in our minds, we should imagine it to be a portrayal of how, lots of mentally unwell people see interference in their lives from well-meaning others. ‘Please negotiate with the hostage-taker, I am not in control of the situation. If you will not negotiate with the hostage taker, then leave me alone so I can’. Of course, we should be mindful of the ‘Stockholm Syndrome’ if the hostage negotiates with the hostage-taker.


Many people have an IQ that is far beyond the average score of 100. An IQ of 130 is as different to the average of 100, as the difference of 70 (the IQ of a dog) is to 100. This of course, simply by a considered guess, means that because people with an IQ of 100 are able to survive with social assistance freely available to them, we should not be fooled into understanding that 100 is not enough. It, most certainly IS enough. However, there are people with IQs of 70 who need constant, round the clock, human care to survive. 

When my doctor tells me to socialise more, I wonder what she is trying to achieve; should I get a dog?


There was once a man who received a telephone call from a recruitment consultant who spoke about a role in the NHS. The job-seeker explained that tensions in the NHS would not allow him to make any inroads into having any conversation about the NHS without falling into one of two camps – striking for more pay is good, and striking is wrong for all care positions. He explained that the catch-all ‘If you can’t stand the heat, then get out of the kitchen’ works well for him as an heuristic. The recruitment consultant asked if the jobseeker watches football and if footballers are worth their wages. “Only the World Cups and Euro Cups”, came the reply. The recruitment consultant self-righteously and indignantly said, ‘You would pay more for entertainment than for health care!’, and hung up. 

There is no comparison between a wage as a reward and a wage not to work somewhere else. One is a reward for completed work and the other is a marketing tool. Just like a painting is worth millions today due to its fame and scarcity and was worth practically nothing when it was painted 200 years ago, the market determines the value – it is worth what someone will pay for it. That is definitely not to say that NHS workers are only paid what they are worth, yet one can’t really believe that the Government thinks that the workers are paid enough not to go elsewhere for work. That is the Government’s supposed view, not my own. I think nice people should be paid a lot of money even before they get a job. Realistically, if the Government said Hey! Work in the NHS and get paid a high wage, who would they get? Yes, I know! Pay kind and caring people what they are worth WHEN they work in the NHS. Don't pay narcissistic, greedy, psychopaths to care for vulnerable people, so keep wages low. Don't judge me - I really don't know!


Let us imagine being given hope for the future and support from a like-minded individual to the recruitment consultant above, who uses only snippets of knowledge and understanding in their lives to ‘get by’ and as a result, is subject to the risk of being challenged on a daily basis – no wonder that person needs to be resilient. It simply does not fly that a person can be adequately advised for successful re-integration into a society without first indoctrinating them to comply with the overall flavour of madness that currently exists at that given time.


Today, sharing your personal details and lives online is necessary to get a job, otherwise one is deemed to be unsociable or too private (Weirdo!)


So, supporting recovery in its best composition means accepting that one’s own thoughts and understanding count for very little, and a steering of a person towards ‘goals’ that should be achieved may not be the goals that the mentally unwell person aspires to, or later adheres to.


On hope:


‘Wonko the Sane laughed. It was a light easy laugh, and sounded like one he had used a lot before and was happy with.

“Ah yes,” he said, “that’s to do with the day I finally realised that the world had gone totally mad and built the Asylum to put it in, poor thing, and hoped it would get better.”’


- Douglas Adams – ‘So long and thanks for all the fish’.


The Mental Health Foundation and Marie Jahoda in 1958, seem to recognise that resilience to cope with the stresses and strains of everyday life are essential for good mental health. Just how much of everyday life should we ignore? Thank goodness for heuristics – or should we download some new ones? But isn’t that like saying we need some new clichés?


Strong relationships within the business/study organisation can support recovery.


The recovery process has:


  • Correction from others as being useful;

  • Hope and optimism that the individual themselves can segue into a (dysfunctional) society (that staggers from one crisis to another, although that is not how it is usually described);

  • Contra-wise to sliding into society un-noticed in order to avoid scurrilous gossip, the individual should build a positive sense of their own identity and overcome the challenges and stigma of mental ill health (in other words, hide your light under a bushel and only be yourself at home and with friends and family OR shout from the rooftops that you suffer from something that everyone else on the planet fears; mental ill-health);

  • Have meaning and purpose, including social roles and goals in work and education;

  • Empowerment and responsibility over one’s own life (despite being told how to live your life at the beginning of the recovery process).


To the previous list, this: Oh! I give up! Here are all my personal details online and pictures of me doing interesting things; now will you leave me alone? No? How about if I share information about other people with you? Still no? Okay, I promise to have opinions on everyday and mundane things and I will buy a book on armchair politics and both pontificate drunkenly while propping up a pub bar, and publish comments on social media sites, ‘Deal me in’ - inspired by ‘The Game’ by Dory Previn, track number nine on ‘Mythical Kings and Iguanas’, 1971. (Available on YouTube)


Next in this series on Mental Health and Mental Health Advocacy in the Workplace is 'Return to work' ....

'Like an old and restored car, if someone cannot pass an emissions test, it is best to make sure they are not in a room that does not allow the other workers to freely escape from.'



OU Students: Don't forget to contact your tutor for advice

Samaritans 

(These people are really cool and non-judgemental)

https://www.samaritans.org/

Call 116 123 (Free) in the UK


NHS

  • You can get help from NHS 111: by calling 111 from your phone; by using 111 online in the NHS App.

  •  111 can direct you to the best place to get help if you cannot contact your GP during the day, or when your GP is closed (out-of-hours). Depending on what you need, you might be advised to: call 999 or go to A&E in an emergency. or go to an urgent treatment centre'

Calls to 111 can take quite a while to connect to a person - there are often long waits. If you need support outside of your immediate family, friends, or work / learning establishment, due to the, often lengthy, wait to be connected to someone on 111, it might be advisable to ask someone to call it for you.

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