From a French word meaning a bag, from Latin and before that from Gaulish. It derives ultimately from a PIE root meaning something like to swell. Many other words have the same root; for example, ball, balloon, bale, bulge and surprisingly, ballot. Apparently, balls were once used for casting votes.
Personal Blogs
I got this from the Andy Math channel on YouTube. In a. we are asked to find the combined area of the two squares.
We have no information about the relative sizes, so how can we solved this? The YouTube video shows that is possible, by doing the calculations.
However the original statement of the problem already implies the sizes don't matter. So there is no need for calculation. We can just adjust the diagram as shown in b.,so that the big square has side length r, and the small square 0. Now we see the required sum of areas is r2 + 0 = r2. Simples!
I thought I’d try shoplifting. But they were too heavy for me.
“I don’t want social insects living in my ditch”, said Tom trenchantly.
I found this striking fungus in my garden today. I believe it is Armillaria tabescens, the ringless honey fungus, but it's hard to be certain. Rather beautiful.
I remember that at school we were taught never to use double negatives. Apparently they're a no-no.
In one of the Inspector Morse books, Lewis repeats to himself the mnemonic "Five 'esses' in 'possess'". I can't trace the quote, but I think Lewis must have needed to use the word in a report and felt nervous in case he spelt it wrongly. (The first book in the series was published in 1975, pre-spellcheckers).
I thought I would test an AI on this, so I asked Copilot. It said four esses. So I tried to correct it and it said rather patronisingly:
I see where the confusion might be! Let’s break it down again:
- P-O-S-S-E-S-S-E-S
Counting the S’s:
- P-O-S-S-E-S-S-E-S
- P-O-S-S-E-S-S-E-S
- P-O-S-S-E-S-S-E-S
- P-O-S-S-E-S-S-E-S
There are four S’s in “possesses.” It can be tricky with the double S’s, but I hope this clears it up! 😊
Sure! Here are some words that contain five S’s:
- Assesses
- Assassins
- Assessors
- Possesses
- Sassiness
- ...
By the way the OED lists the word possessionlessness, cited first from 1905. This manages a whopping 8 esses and may be the record. Copilot claims the number is seven. And perhaps there is a pattern here: in response to possessionlessnesses (not in the OED but found in an internet search) it says eight. I'll leave you to try some more experiments. I have to stop now because I've used up all the questions I can ask Copilot in this session.
"I love sleeping under canvas", said Tom intently.
Something that has fascinate me for many years is the fact that, if a disordered systems is larges enough, it will tend to contain pockets of unavoidable regularity. Order will emerge from disorder.
For example, imagine we colour every point of the 2D plane in one of two colours, red or blue say. Then there will inevitably be equilateral triangles all three of whose vertices are the same colour; either all red or all blue. Here's how we can prove this.
Imagine we set out to colour the plane in a way that avoids a monochromatic equilateral triangle. We shall find that this is impossible. Consider the following steps in our attempt.
We start with two points which are coloured red (Step 1).This must be possible; if not, there would no more than one red point in the entire plane, so either all equilateral triangles would be blue monochromatic, or all the ones that avoided the single red point would be. Either way our attempt to avoid monochromatic equilateral triangles would have failed spectacularly.
At Step 2 both the ringed points will have to be coloured blue, otherwise one or both the triangles marked will be red monochromatic.
At Step 3 the ringed point will have to be coloured red, otherwise the triangle marked will be blue monochromatic.
At Step 4 the ringed point will have to be coloured blue, otherwise the triangle marked will be red monochromatic.
At Step 5 a monochromatic triangle can no longer be avoided; whether we choose red or blue for the uncoloured point a monochromatic triangle with be created.
xxx
This is a very famous sonnet and has attracted a large body of commentary, see here for example. Something that has often struck me about this and several other of Shakespeare's sonnets is the way he paints a scene, with a structure like the classic foreground, middle ground and distant background. This is a formula often discussed in art or photography lessons. Shakespeare however starts his word painting from the top - the background - and moves our mental eyes downwards, ending with the gilded streams at our feet.
In fact this is the order in which I think I view a landscape painting; my eyes are drawn at first to the distance, and then I gradually focus on the parts of the composition representing the middle and near field.
The text above is based on the 1609 Quarto but I have made the punctuation more consistent. The image was AI generated courtesy of Bing.
There really is such a word, it's in the the Oxford English Dictionary.
First recorded in 1881, it is the only words I have come across in the OED that lists a citation from Twitter:
I need one month of stresslessness.
Me:
What do these words have in common? Grapple, impeach, plump, mangonel, spear, quincenary, gunfighter, outdated, compliment, praising.
Chat GPT4:
The words you provided do not have a straightforward single grammatical or definitional feature in common. However, one possible connection is that many of these words can be associated with conflict or evaluation in some way:
- Grapple – can refer to a physical struggle or dealing with a difficult issue (conflict).
- Impeach – involves challenging or accusing a public figure (conflict or evaluation of misconduct).
- Plump – though generally referring to being full or rounded, "plump for" can mean choosing or supporting something (evaluation or decision-making).
- Mangonel – a medieval siege weapon, clearly tied to conflict.
- Spear – a weapon used in battle (conflict).
- Quincenary – less related to conflict but could be viewed as an evaluation or marking of a significant anniversary.
- Gunfighter – directly related to conflict, especially in historical or cinematic contexts.
- Outdated – an evaluation term, indicating something is no longer relevant or current.
- Compliment – an expression of praise, thus part of evaluation.
- Praising – similarly involves positive evaluation or judgment.
So, the commonality could be that many of the words involve conflict, struggle, or evaluation in different contexts.
You said:
ChatGPT said:
The common trait shared by these words is that they are all related to specific actions or roles (either physical or metaphorical). Here's how:
- Grapple – A physical action of struggling or wrestling.
- Impeach – A formal action to accuse or challenge someone, usually in a legal or governmental context.
- Plump – A descriptive action or state of being full or round.
- Mangonel – Refers to an object (a type of catapult), which is used for the action of launching projectiles.
- Spear – A physical object, but also involves the action of throwing or stabbing.
- Quincenary – Refers to the action of marking a 500-year anniversary.
- Gunfighter – A person defined by their role or action in gunfights.
- Outdated – A state or evaluation resulting from the passage of time (i.e., an action of becoming irrelevant).
- Compliment – The action of expressing admiration or praise.
- Praising – The act of offering positive evaluation or approval.
Thus, each word is either an action, involves performing a role, or is descriptive of a state resulting from action.
You said:
ChatGPT said:
The attribute that all these words share is that they are all derived from verbs or related to actions. Here's how this applies:
- Grapple – Derived from the verb "grapple," meaning to struggle or wrestle.
- Impeach – Derived from the verb "impeach," meaning to accuse or bring charges against.
- Plump – Derived from the verb "plump," meaning to make something fuller or rounder.
- Mangonel – Relates to the action of launching or hurling objects with a catapult.
- Spear – Derived from the verb "spear," meaning to pierce or throw with a spear.
- Quincenary – Refers to an action marking a 500-year anniversary.
- Gunfighter – Refers to a person defined by the action of engaging in gunfights.
- Outdated – Refers to the result of the action of becoming no longer relevant.
- Compliment – Derived from the verb "compliment," meaning to express praise or admiration.
- Praising – A form of the verb "praise," meaning to express approval or admiration.
So, the common attribute is that they are either verbs or linked to actions in some way.
Do you know a Hrothgar? I bet you do…
Hrothgar was a semi-mythical Danish king who appears in several places in Old English and Old Norse literature. His name is dithematic – it consists of two elements hroth + gar, meaning ‘famous’ and ‘spear’.
Many Germanic names follow this dithematic pattern and there are hundreds, possibly thousands of examples attested. Many survive in modified form to the present day and are very common and familiar given names, for instance
William - will + helm = ‘wish helmet’
Mathilda - maht + hild = ‘mighty battle’
Rosamund - hros + mund = ‘horse guardian
Robert - hroth + beraht = ‘famous bright’
Several of these elements are easy to recognise – will, maht, hros, beraht - and helm survives as a poetical word for helmet. mund was still found in Middle English but is now obsolete, and hild seems to have disappeared earlier.
As for Hrothgar, it has become Roger, a fact I only realised a couple of days ago. Hroth is an element in several other names: Wikipedia quotes Rudolph, Roderick, and Roland; but seems extinct now except in names.
But gar = ‘pike’ i.e.a long, pointed spear, hangs on. This is a garfish, courtesy of Wikipedia.
After the summer/
The old path became overgrown/
And lay neglected.
My daughter sent me a list of "groaners" she found somewhere on the web.
Here are three I rather liked:
How to Write Big Books, by Warren Peace
Things to Do at a Party, by Bob Frapples
I Was a Cloakroom Attendant, by Mahatma Coate
Stop arguing, by Xavier Breath
I felt it my duty to contribute to this genre, so here are some I came up with:
Quit Smoking Today, by Jackie Tinn
Learning to Subtract, by Myna Sign
What to Put in a Cake, by Inga Reedy-Ens
10 Years On the Run, by Noah Plaistow-Hyde
The Making of the English Landscape, by W G Hoskins, taught me to see the landscape through new eyes. The idea that underpins the book is captured well by the cover illustration of the 1970 Penguin edition, pictured. I owned a copy of this edition at one time, but now it's been replaced by the Kindle version.
In this book Hoskins shows us how the landscape has been worked and reworked over the last 2000 or so years, and how what we see today can be understood in terms of its history, once we begin to understand what we are looking at and can peel back the layers.
In a similar way studying the origins of the English we use today helps us understand the history of the language and the influences that shaped it. That's why I find etymology an object of absorbing interest, including the etymology of place-names.
Here's a short extract I particularly like from Hoskins, describing a village some miles from where I live and which I've visited a couple of times because it preserves many features of the original settlement. It is a kind of fossil village.
"It stands in the midst of the 1,620 acres of its territory, just off the Icknield Way which forms the entire southern frontier of the parish. The site of the manor house and the church, which stand on the highest ground in the parish, is enclosed by a moat, and the minute village lies along the street to the west. There is not a single outlying farm in the parish, which looks exactly the same on the map of 1950 as it did on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey map in 1834. It is first recorded in a Saxon charter of 973 – ‘the place by the ditch’ – and it retains all the essential characteristics of a small community founded 1,000 years ago. Even the Saxon open fields of Bygrave disappeared within living memory."
Notice the Old English name - Bygrave means "next to the ditch". The -grave element is from an old Germanic root meaning "to dig" and which is also the origin of groove (via Dutch). In fact several of the canals in Amsterdam have names ending in gracht, from the same root, and which means something like "ditch" in modern Dutch.
There is an Only Fools and Horses episode in which the road sweeper Trigger announces that he has won an award for keeping the same broom for 20 years, and adds that the broom has had 17 new heads and 14 new handles.
I was thinking about this and remembered that all the atoms in our bodies get replaced on a surprisingly small time scale. Reading up on it, I found that, according to Time magazine, the turnover is about 98% per year. To put it differently, only about 1 in 50 of the atoms in your body will still be there in a year's time.
In 20 years that would be 1 in 100,000 billion billion billion, which is much more than the estimated number of atoms in a human body. So more or less all the matter that went to make up your body will have been replaced, and you will resemble Trigger's broom in this respect.
I've always been intrigued by this paradox; if all the constituent parts of something are replace, is its identity still the same? It's an important philosophical question, but until now I didn't realise it goes by the name of Theseus's Paradox.
Plutarch wrote
"The ship wherein Theseus and the youth of Athens returned from Crete [...] was preserved by the Athenians [...], for they took away the old planks as they decayed, putting in new and strong timber in their places."
Someone asked me how mimic was spelled, and that set me wondering: how many words there are with mimi in.
I thought there could not be many, and indeed it turns out there are just over a dozen, and they are mostly all related in some way to mime. This word originates in Latin mimus, from ancient Greek μῖμος, which referred to some sort of farcical performance, or the act of performing in one, or the kind of act you might put on in such a performance.
So we have mimic, mimicry, mimicking etc., but also pantomiming, and pantomimic. A pantomime is an "all mime', from Greek παντο = all + mime.
The only unrelated words I found with mimi in were semimicro and semimild, which seem to mean roughly what you might guess.
To finish, here is a rather jolly quotation I found in the OED:
A witty ayery young Lady, of a great fortune,..persecuted with the love of Crazy, Brisk, and Drybob*, whom she mimicks and abuses.
T. Shadwell, Humorists 1671.
* A drybob is a smart repartee, according to Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1811.
I found this geometry problem posted a few days ago maths YouTuber Michael Penn. It was originally published in 2002 in the Mathematical Gazette. It caught my attention because Penn's solution and the one originally published seemed to use trigonometry and calculation of distances involving square roots, and I felt it should be possible to use a purely geometric approach.
After a lot of thought, by stepping outside the problem I think I've managed to solve it. Below left is the problem and at right the idea that set me on the right road. Suppose I drew in a square and an equilateral triangle to provide a context for the 45° and 30° angles, would that provide any insight?
This was nearly right, but then after more thought I saw a better approach was to use a square and an equilateral triangle of equal side length, like this.
We can successively compute the angles marked in the diagram is three stages.
1 (green angles marked by single arcs). At C we an internal angle of the equilateral triangle, which is 60 degrees, and two angles which are each half of a right angle, so they are 45 degrees. The line BG passes through H, the midpoint of CF and from the symmetry of the equilateral triangle we see that it makes a right angle with CF, and that the angle CBF is 30 degrees.
2 (blue angles marked by double arcs). The angles at C must sum to 180 degrees, and so angle DCF must be 30 degrees.
CD = CF, because the square and the equilateral triangle have equal side length, and so triangle CDF is isosceles. Hence the two angles marked at D and C are equal and must both be 75 degrees because the angles of CDF must add up to 180 degrees.
3 (red angle marked triple arcs). From consideration of the angles in triangle CGF the angle marked at G must be 30 degrees.
Moreover, triangle CGE has two angles of 75 degrees and so it is isosceles. Because the line through BH bisects the base of this triangle at right angles, the triangle is symmetrical about the line, and the line must pass through point G.
But where has the original problem gone you may ask? Dot in a line from G to A, and,Hey Presto! there it is in plain sight! The triangle shaded in with dots is the one in our problem.And now look at the kite AGDC. Can you see? - it is symmetrical about the diagonal CG, and therefore θ, the angle we are asked to find, is equal to angle CGD = 30 degrees. Problem solved.
Knock-knock.
Who’s there?
Theodore.
Theodore who?
Theodore’s locked, let me in!
We have the contractions
is not -> isn't
are not -> aren't
But there is no amn't, at least not in standard English. Where did it go?
The best theory seems to be that it did once exist but became ain't, (maybe via amn't > an't > ain't) and then the latter lost its connection to the first person singular "I" and became an informal contraction that can be used with any person: I ain't, you ain't, it ain't, we ain't, they ain't. See here. I think was at one time fairly common but now has an antique feel, to me at least.
Thinking about such contractions I notice that in a question we can use aren't which is a standard contraction: I'm going to the ball, aren't I?
We found this newt in the garden just now.
As far as I can tell it is a Smooth New, AKA as a Common Newt. This individual is unusually dark on its upper side, but I'm pretty confident in my identification. It's a beautiful little creature.
“What’s that chicken doing in the road?” asked Tom crossly.
It's quite surprising - to me at any rate - that if we take any positive number whatsoever, there is always a prime number that starts with the digits of the number we picked. In fact there are an infinite number of such primes.
I wrote a Python program that lets us input a number and searches for the first prime beginning with the number we entered.
Say we take Einstein's birthdate, 14/03/1879. Write this as 14031879 (which is not itself prime, it's divisible by 3).
Entering this into the program yields 140318797, which as you see starts with the famous scientist's birthdate, and has no divisors other than itself and 1, so it's prime.
Here's another example, this time a random number (I suppose) - the National Lottery jackpot for 14/09/2024, which was 21 27 38 47 49 55. Running the program and entering 212738474955 we get 2127384749557.
By tweaking the program we can get a list of the first few primes that start with the lottery number.
2127384749557
21273847495583
21273847495591
212738474955233
Fascinating!
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