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David Appel

An elearning theory?

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Edited by David Appel, Monday, 4 Mar 2013, 23:08

(H817 - block 1: activity 9)

What is a scientific theory?

I was looking at several definitions of ‘scientific theory' found that two attributes are essential to most of them:

  1. It explains specific phenomena of the world and does so by predicting future observations of these phenomena
  2. It adheres to an explicit methodology which allows anyone (mastering this methodology) to either provide further evidence (verify) or refute (falsify) it. By definition, a scientific theory must not be irrefutable.

What is specific about a theory for elearning?

A theory of elearning should explain and predict the specific phenomena called ‘elearning’ (any kind of electronically supported learning and teaching) and must therefore be part of a theory of pedagogy, the science of education.  So when a theory of elearning predicts the outcome of applying electronic means to support learning, it should do so in pedagogic terms, i.e. in how far it aids the development of skills or knowledge.  Furthermore, such a theory should establish a common set of measurements which allows the comparison of different elearning approaches.

I think it is also noteworthy that theory is often contrasted to practice, and that the latter usually precedes the former.  That an elearning theory aims at explaining something which is already in practice means that it is possible to be a practitioner without a respective theory, but also without the benefit of a common set of terms to evaluate different approaches.

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David Appel

Innovation vs. improvement vs. invention

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Edited by David Appel, Wednesday, 27 Feb 2013, 19:14

(H817 - block 1, activity 5)

In order to judge OpenLearn by wikipedia’s definition of ‘innovation’, I found the distinctions between ‘innovation’ and ‘invention’ as well as ‘improvement’ quite useful:

“Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different (Lat. innovare: "to change") rather than doing the same thing better.”

In terms of ‘innovation’ as doing something different rather than doing the same thing better, OpenLearn is not innovative where it is about making course materials available free and online.  For this purpose it is using new technology to improve access to knowledge and learning materials which help to acquire it.  Here it particularly meets the needs of what McAndrew call the ‘volunteer students’ who are “most interested in more content, tools for self-assessment, and ways to reflect on their individual learning” (McAndrew et al. 2010).

On the other hand, looking at the second type of student, the ‘social learner’ who is mainly interested in  engaging in discussions with like minded people, OpenLearn can be innovative if it succeeds in establishing new communication settings.  In this case it would advance the shift from the supply-push mode of traditional learning environments towards a demand- pull mode of a more collaborative learning practice (Seely Brown, J. and Adler, R. 2008). However as Nuala really neatly sums up her experience (similar to mine) this seems not yet to have happened.

If OpenLearn eventually does establish itself as a forum for social learning, it might also become an enabler of invention, a place where ideas or method itself are being created.

The Openness of OpenLearn
As already stated, OpenLearn offers openness primarily in terms of accessibility and flexibility: the course materials can be accessed from anywhere and at any time by an unlimited audience. It certainly does also serve as an experimental base of new course materials and technologies, but the fact that the larger part of available funding has been used for the initial setting up of OpenLearn, openness in terms of innovation and change might be limited.

Challenges of conventional assumptions about paying for higher education modules

If knowledge and the respective courses and materials to acquire it are available free of charge and - even more important - is more and more developed in a technology enabled collaborative environment, the traditional function of an educational institution as producer of such content might eventually become superfluous. What I think will still be needed - and probably even more so - are supporting and commonly accepted assessment and accreditation services. These (payable) services might best be provided by effective users or “established practitioners”  (Seely Brown, J. and Adler, R. 2008).


References

McAndrew, P., Scanlon, E. and Clow, D. (2010) ‘An open future for higher education’ [online], EDUCAUSE Review Online, (EQ) 33/1, http://www.educause.edu/ ero/ article/ open-future-higher-education (accessed 8 February 2013).

Seely Brown, J. and Adler, R. (2008) ‘Minds on fire: open education, the long tail and learning 2.0’, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 16–32; also available online at http://net.educause.edu/ ir/ library/ pdf/ ERM0811.pdf (accessed 8 February 2013).

 

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David Appel

Reading an article and searching for relevant references

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Edited by David Appel, Wednesday, 27 Feb 2013, 19:15

(H817 - block 1, activity 4)

The assignment of activity 4 was to select one of the projects mentioned in Seely Brown and Adler (2008), Minds on fire: open education, the long tail and learning 2.0 and use the internet to find more information about it, i.e. if the project is still running, if any more papers have been written about it since the Seely Brown and Adler paper was published and if it has been adopted by users other than those in the original institution where it was developed.

I chose to search for references to MIT OpenCourseWare Initiative and started my research with the MIT OpenCourseWare website where one can find an overview on the history of the project and its current status.  MIT published the first proof-of-concept site in 2002, at that time containing 50 courses, today it offers materials of 2150 courses and has reached 125 million visitors from all over the world, averaging 1 million visits each month.  Of the visitors, 9% are Educators, 42% MIT students, and 43% are self learners. More statistics can be found in the monthly snapshot reports published on the site.

Searching the OU Library returned many articles discussing the various aspects of the project.  While publications of the early years of the project focus on background, purpose and the event of launching the project as such, more recent publications are reflecting its impact on higher education in general and try to explore further developments.  The change of topics in when dealing with MIT’s OpenCourseWare initiative and the increasing number of publications in the last three years indicate that it has reached a point where interest is no longer restricted on this specific project but beyond that on it’s more general implications.

References

Seely Brown, J. and Adler, R. (2008) ‘Minds on fire: open education, the long tail and learning 2.0’, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 16–32; also available online at http://net.educause.edu/ ir/ library/ pdf/ ERM0811.pdf (accessed 8 February 2013).

MIT OpenCourseWare (2012) Home Page [Online]. Available at http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm (accessed 8 February 2013)

 

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